Statistica e metodi epidemiologici di studio, programmazione e valutazione servizi sanitari

Reliability of a measure · Reliability and its components · Systematic error and casual error Variability Between-subjects and within-subjects variability Descriptive statistics · Graphs · Location, scale, and shape of a frequency distribution · Measures of location and scale · Accuracy and precision of a measure · Quantiles and reference limits · Correlation and Kappa statistic Gaussian model · Probability of events on the population within the Gaussian model · How to model the error with a Gaussian model Screening programs · Events · Probability: concept · Probability of an event: algebra · Basics of probability · Screening programs: why · True and false positives, true and false negatives · Sensitivity and specificity of a diagnostic tool · Positive (negative) predictive values · Likelihood ratio: positive and negative · Pre-test and post-test probabilities · Bayes theorem Inference · Sampling variability · Population and sample · Estimate of a population parameter with sampling quantities Sampling distribution · The central limit theorem and the distribution of a sampling quantity · Standard error Confidence interval · Definition and meaning · Formulas Hypothesis testing · First type and second type errors and power of a test · Sample size calculation · Clinical statistics and clinical relevance · Hypothesis testing on a population mean Deterministic and probabilistic models · Deterministic and probabilistic models: differences · Simple linear regression model: interpretation and parameters · Hypothesis testing on the parameters of a simple linear regression model

At the end of the course, students will know the objectives of epidemiology, the investigation methods, and the related fields of application. This objective will be achieved through the acquisition of knowledge about: Meaning and use of the epidemiological approach: data analysis, planning and evaluation of health services. Use of health and demographic data in epidemiology: - Main sources of health and demographic data - The indicators: meaning and use. - Socio-economic determinants of health inequalities - Guided analysis of current health data Health status of a population - Determinants and factors that influence the state of health: biological-natural factors (age, sex and ethnicity), behaviors and lifestyles, physical and social environment, access to health care and services in general - Socio-economic determinants and inequalities in health and gender -Methods of descriptive or geographical epidemiology - Population health profiles Frequency measurements: - Ratio, proportions, rates; - Concept of prevalence, incidence, density of incidence, cumulative incidence - Standardization of rates - Guided exercises Study designs and their application - Ecological (or correlation) studies and their application: case study - Prevalence studies and their application: case study - Cohort studies and their application: case study - Case control studies and their application: case study - Experimental studies Associations and impact measures: relative risk, odds ratio, risk attributable as absolute and relative measures Evaluation of effectiveness - Therapeutic and preventive studies - Epidemiology of vaccinations - Evaluation and meaning of screening tests - Epidemiology of communicable and noncommunicable diseases. Global Health - Key concepts and definition of global health (GH); evolution of GH from tropical medicine to public health and international health - Global burden of disease, epidemiological transition and progress in health indicators; Recent phenomena and future of global health - Social and economic determinants of health - Principles of gender medicine and women's health - Sustainable development goals (SDGs); Tuberculosis as a model in global health burden and response - Tuberculosis and antimicrobial resistance: two models of complex global health problems - The World Health Organization and other major actors in GH; International Cooperation; the great challenges: migrations and climate change