Neuromuscular Physiology and Endocrinology

Neuromuscular Physiology Module (42 hours)
o Body fluids and salt and water balance: The water compartments, Composition of body fluids, Exchanges between compartments, Hydrosaline balance.
o General Neurophysiology: Biophysics of excitable membranes; Ion channels; Membrane potentials; Conduction of membrane potentials, classification of nerve fibers and synaptic transmission, receptors, spinal reflexes.
o Muscle Physiology: Overview of Skeletal Muscle Tissue, Organization of Skeletal Muscle Tissue, Mechanism of Contraction, Muscle Energetics, Neuromuscular Synapse and Excitation-Contraction Coupling, Types of Contraction, Muscle Performance, Muscle Fatigue, Influence of Joint Movement on Performance, Pathways of force transmission.
o Hints of functional anatomy and organization of the central nervous system: Organization of the central nervous system and its levels of integration, Principles of functioning of the central nervous system, Methods of investigation of the central nervous system.
o Vegetative nervous system: Outline of functional anatomy, Sympathetic nervous system, Parasympathetic nervous system, Synaptic transmission of the vegetative nervous system, Control of the vegetative nervous system, Vegetative nervous system and effector organs
o Somatic sensitivity and pain: Principles of sensory physiology, Nervous mechanisms of somatic sensitivity, Prethalamic mechanisms, Thalamus-cortical mechanisms, Pain, Descending control of sensitivity and pain.
o Motor control: Relation between perception and action, Integration of sensory information with motor commands, Organization of voluntary movement, Cortical organization of movement, Control of muscle tone and posture, Cerebellum, Nuclei from the base.
o Integrative functions of the central nervous system: Sleep and wakefulness, Memory and learning, Muscle fatigue, Exercise and brain, Associative areas and higher functions of the cortex.

Endocrinology module
Physiology of the endocrine system: general principles.
Introduction to the endocrine system: hormones and receptors, endocrine regulation systems and molecular endocrinology.
Hypothalamus and pituitary gland: anatomy; description of the main endocrine hypothalamus-pituitary axes.
Thyroid, Parathyroid: thyroid functions and anatomy; Ca2+ and PO4 regulation.
Adrenal gland: cortical and medullary adrenal glands; hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis; stress-response.
Male and female reproductive system: basics of anatomy and physiology; male and female sex hormones; menstrual cycle and physical activity.
Endocrine pancreas: alpha, beta and delta cells; neuroendocrine activity of the pancreas.
Insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome and diabetes mellitus type 2; role of the exercise.
Beta cells physiology and pathology: functional deficit and diabetes mellitus type 1.
Hormonal regulation of the electrolyte balance.
Obesity and metabolism alterations.
Physical activity as modulator of the muscle endocrine function.
Nutrition and endocrine function.

Neuromuscular Physiology Module (42 hours)
o Body fluids and salt and water balance: The water compartments, Composition of body fluids, Exchanges between compartments, Hydrosaline balance.
o General Neurophysiology: Biophysics of excitable membranes; Ion channels; Membrane potentials; Conduction of membrane potentials, classification of nerve fibers and synaptic transmission, receptors, spinal reflexes.
o Muscle Physiology: Overview of Skeletal Muscle Tissue, Organization of Skeletal Muscle Tissue, Mechanism of Contraction, Muscle Energetics, Neuromuscular Synapse and Excitation-Contraction Coupling, Types of Contraction, Muscle Performance, Muscle Fatigue, Influence of Joint Movement on Performance, Pathways of force transmission.
o Hints of functional anatomy and organization of the central nervous system: Organization of the central nervous system and its levels of integration, Principles of functioning of the central nervous system, Methods of investigation of the central nervous system.
o Vegetative nervous system: Outline of functional anatomy, Sympathetic nervous system, Parasympathetic nervous system, Synaptic transmission of the vegetative nervous system, Control of the vegetative nervous system, Vegetative nervous system and effector organs
o Somatic sensitivity and pain: Principles of sensory physiology, Nervous mechanisms of somatic sensitivity, Prethalamic mechanisms, Thalamus-cortical mechanisms, Pain, Descending control of sensitivity and pain.
o Motor control: Relation between perception and action, Integration of sensory information with motor commands, Organization of voluntary movement, Cortical organization of movement, Control of muscle tone and posture, Cerebellum, Nuclei from the base.
o Integrative functions of the central nervous system: Exercise and brain, Sleep and wakefulness, Muscle fatigue, Associative areas and higher functions of the cortex.

Endocrinology module
Physiology of the endocrine system: general principles.
Introduction to the endocrine system: hormones and receptors, endocrine regulation systems and molecular endocrinology.
Hypothalamus and pituitary gland: anatomy; description of the main endocrine hypothalamus-pituitary axes.
Thyroid, Parathyroid: thyroid functions and anatomy; Ca2+ and PO4 regulation.
Adrenal gland: cortical and medullary adrenal glands; hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis; stress-response.
Male and female reproductive system: basics of anatomy and physiology; male and female sex hormones; menstrual cycle and physical activity.
Endocrine pancreas: alpha, beta and delta cells; neuroendocrine activity of the pancreas.
Insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome and diabetes mellitus type 2; role of the exercise.
Beta cells physiology and pathology: functional deficit and diabetes mellitus type 1.
Hormonal regulation of the electrolyte balance.
Obesity and metabolism alterations.
Physical activity as modulator of the muscle endocrine function.
Nutrition and endocrine function.