Equine Clinic
A.Y. 2024/2025
Learning objectives
The Equine Clinics Teaching Unit aims at providing the students with fundamentals about the proper management of the Equine patient, including internal medicine, surgery, orthopedics and reproduction issues. Information related to veterinary drug prescription and management in companion animals and horses will also be provided. Further specifications are reported in the specific modules that make up the present Teaching Unit.
Expected learning outcomes
Knowledge and understanding: the student should acquire a correct approach to the diagnosis and treatment of the most common medical, surgical and reproductive conditions in the equine patient. He or she must also demonstrate to possess the ability to prescribe and manage veterinary drugs in companion animals, including equines.
Applying knowledge and understanding: the student must demonstrate to possess knowledge and concepts that allow him to independently establish a correct management of the most common medical, surgical and reproductive conditions in equine patients.
Making judgments: the student must be able to critically and actively evaluate the information provided both by the teacher and the international literature
Communication: the student must be able to elaborate and communicate the concepts acquired during the lectures and practices with appropriate and updated terminology.
Lifelong learning skills: the student must demonstrate that he or she has the capability to learn and to independently increase the knowledge about new emerging issues in the field of equine medical, surgical and reproductive disorders management.
Applying knowledge and understanding: the student must demonstrate to possess knowledge and concepts that allow him to independently establish a correct management of the most common medical, surgical and reproductive conditions in equine patients.
Making judgments: the student must be able to critically and actively evaluate the information provided both by the teacher and the international literature
Communication: the student must be able to elaborate and communicate the concepts acquired during the lectures and practices with appropriate and updated terminology.
Lifelong learning skills: the student must demonstrate that he or she has the capability to learn and to independently increase the knowledge about new emerging issues in the field of equine medical, surgical and reproductive disorders management.
Lesson period: First semester
Assessment methods: Esame
Assessment result: voto verbalizzato in trentesimi
Single course
This course can be attended as a single course.
Course syllabus and organization
Single session
Responsible
Lesson period
First semester
Prerequisites for admission
Prerequisites for admission
The following exams are requested to take this exam:
- Veterinary obstetrics and reproductive disorders
- Veterinary diagnostic imaging, regional anatomy and radiological physics
- Farm animal Infectious and parasitic diseases and herd health management
- Veterinary propaedeutic
- Veterinary anesthesiology, surgical techniques and intensive care
To get the best from lectures and practical clinical training, the student is advised to strengthen knowledges of anatomy, physiology, medical and surgical pathology, reproductive pathology, parasitology, infectious diseases of large animals and public health, clinical propaedeutics, laboratory diagnostics, imaging diagnostics and legislation. A good knowledge of the previously written subjects will allow a better clinical decision-making procedure, to get suitable differential diagnoses and fully understand etiopathogenetic processes, diagnostic tools, prognosis and therapies.
Attendance to lessons and practice is mandatory for at least 75% of the scheduled time.
The following exams are requested to take this exam:
- Veterinary obstetrics and reproductive disorders
- Veterinary diagnostic imaging, regional anatomy and radiological physics
- Farm animal Infectious and parasitic diseases and herd health management
- Veterinary propaedeutic
- Veterinary anesthesiology, surgical techniques and intensive care
To get the best from lectures and practical clinical training, the student is advised to strengthen knowledges of anatomy, physiology, medical and surgical pathology, reproductive pathology, parasitology, infectious diseases of large animals and public health, clinical propaedeutics, laboratory diagnostics, imaging diagnostics and legislation. A good knowledge of the previously written subjects will allow a better clinical decision-making procedure, to get suitable differential diagnoses and fully understand etiopathogenetic processes, diagnostic tools, prognosis and therapies.
Attendance to lessons and practice is mandatory for at least 75% of the scheduled time.
Assessment methods and Criteria
Assessment methods and criteria
The examination consists of a written test and an oral exam:
The written part, lasting a maximum of 1 hour, consists of 30 multiple-choice questions with 4 possible answers, of which 1 is correct: 9 questions related to the EQUINE INTERNAL MEDICINE module, 9 questions related to the EQUINE SURGERY module, 6 questions related to the EQUINE REPRODUCTION module, 3 questions related to the EQUINE ORTHOPEDICS, and 3 questions related to the VETERINARY DRUGS PRESCRIPTION AND MANAGEMENT FOR COMPANION ANIMALS module. This part is considered passed with 5 correct answers for the EQUINE INTERNAL MEDICINE and EQUINE SURGERY modules, 4 correct answers for the EQUINE REPRODUCTION, and 2 correct answers for the EQUINE ORTHOPEDICS and VETERINARY DRUG PRESCRIPTION AND MANAGEMENT FOR COMPANION ANIMALS module. Multiple-choice questions may be factual or reasoning-based on a specific clinical case presented. Passing the written part grants access to the oral exam but does not affect the formulation of the final grade.
The oral part, lasting a maximum of one hour, consists of factual questions or reasoning on clinical cases and drugs in companion animals.
During the oral exam, the practical and theoretical knowledge of the subject covered in the course and the ability to summarize the topic are assessed; the ability to use theoretical knowledge in the interpretation of proposed clinical scenarios and in the formulation of a solution to the presented problems, demonstrating critical and judgmental skills; the candidate's communication skills, the use of appropriate medical terms, the construction of a clear, logical, consequential and synthetic speech are also assessed; the ability to find appropriate sources and re-elaborating topics in unfamiliar contexts. The judgment will be assigned based on the Rubrics showed in the table published on MyAriel.
The examination consists of a written test and an oral exam:
The written part, lasting a maximum of 1 hour, consists of 30 multiple-choice questions with 4 possible answers, of which 1 is correct: 9 questions related to the EQUINE INTERNAL MEDICINE module, 9 questions related to the EQUINE SURGERY module, 6 questions related to the EQUINE REPRODUCTION module, 3 questions related to the EQUINE ORTHOPEDICS, and 3 questions related to the VETERINARY DRUGS PRESCRIPTION AND MANAGEMENT FOR COMPANION ANIMALS module. This part is considered passed with 5 correct answers for the EQUINE INTERNAL MEDICINE and EQUINE SURGERY modules, 4 correct answers for the EQUINE REPRODUCTION, and 2 correct answers for the EQUINE ORTHOPEDICS and VETERINARY DRUG PRESCRIPTION AND MANAGEMENT FOR COMPANION ANIMALS module. Multiple-choice questions may be factual or reasoning-based on a specific clinical case presented. Passing the written part grants access to the oral exam but does not affect the formulation of the final grade.
The oral part, lasting a maximum of one hour, consists of factual questions or reasoning on clinical cases and drugs in companion animals.
During the oral exam, the practical and theoretical knowledge of the subject covered in the course and the ability to summarize the topic are assessed; the ability to use theoretical knowledge in the interpretation of proposed clinical scenarios and in the formulation of a solution to the presented problems, demonstrating critical and judgmental skills; the candidate's communication skills, the use of appropriate medical terms, the construction of a clear, logical, consequential and synthetic speech are also assessed; the ability to find appropriate sources and re-elaborating topics in unfamiliar contexts. The judgment will be assigned based on the Rubrics showed in the table published on MyAriel.
Equine reproduction
Course syllabus
Course Syllabus
Reproductive efficiency: clinical and instrumental examination for the evaluation of reproductive efficiency in the female, criteria for assessing female fertility, breeding fertility. Normal pregnancy, pregnancy diagnosis, obstetric terminology and obstetric examination: embryonic and fetal development, maternal recognition of pregnancy, placenta and criteria of classification. Disposition of the fetus during pregnancy and during birth, obstetric examination, techniques for induction of estrus (2 hours).
Stillbirth pathology: obstetric examination in dystocia, obstetric aids, obstetric manual skills dystocia from maternal causes, dystocia from fetal causes, operative procedures on the fetus, operative procedures on the mother, injuries resulting from parturition, diagnosis and therapy (1 hour).
Pathology of the puerperium: uterine atonia, uterine spasms, uterine prolapse, placenta retention, bacterial diseases, diagnosis and therapy (1 hour).
Techniques for inducing abortion: the most common treatments used in the mare, when to use such procedures, advantages and disadvantages in the use of the different techniques (1 hour).
Ovarian pathologies, uterine pathologies, vaginal and vulvar pathologies, breast pathologies: clinical, surgical and therapeutic aspects of the main congenital and acquired pathologies (2 hours).
Cesarean section in the mare: restrain, anesthesia, method of execution, therapy, follow-up (2 hours).
Assistance to the newborn: principles of neonatology, the normal and the pathological newborn (1 hour).
Andrologic clinical examination: examination in the male breeder and in the male patient, semen collection and evaluation, certification (1 hour).
Testicular Maldescent: etiopathogenesis, clinical presentation and medical or surgical management (1 hour).
Orchitis and testicular tumors: etiopathogenesis, clinical presentation and medical or surgical management (1 hour).
Male sexual glands diseases: etiopathogenesis, clinical presentation and medical or surgical management (1 hour).
Penile and preputial diseases: etiopathogenesis, clinical presentation and medical or surgical management (1 hour).
Male contraception: indications, surgical or pharmacologic management (1 hour).
Reproductive efficiency: clinical and instrumental examination for the evaluation of reproductive efficiency in the female, criteria for assessing female fertility, breeding fertility. Normal pregnancy, pregnancy diagnosis, obstetric terminology and obstetric examination: embryonic and fetal development, maternal recognition of pregnancy, placenta and criteria of classification. Disposition of the fetus during pregnancy and during birth, obstetric examination, techniques for induction of estrus (2 hours).
Stillbirth pathology: obstetric examination in dystocia, obstetric aids, obstetric manual skills dystocia from maternal causes, dystocia from fetal causes, operative procedures on the fetus, operative procedures on the mother, injuries resulting from parturition, diagnosis and therapy (1 hour).
Pathology of the puerperium: uterine atonia, uterine spasms, uterine prolapse, placenta retention, bacterial diseases, diagnosis and therapy (1 hour).
Techniques for inducing abortion: the most common treatments used in the mare, when to use such procedures, advantages and disadvantages in the use of the different techniques (1 hour).
Ovarian pathologies, uterine pathologies, vaginal and vulvar pathologies, breast pathologies: clinical, surgical and therapeutic aspects of the main congenital and acquired pathologies (2 hours).
Cesarean section in the mare: restrain, anesthesia, method of execution, therapy, follow-up (2 hours).
Assistance to the newborn: principles of neonatology, the normal and the pathological newborn (1 hour).
Andrologic clinical examination: examination in the male breeder and in the male patient, semen collection and evaluation, certification (1 hour).
Testicular Maldescent: etiopathogenesis, clinical presentation and medical or surgical management (1 hour).
Orchitis and testicular tumors: etiopathogenesis, clinical presentation and medical or surgical management (1 hour).
Male sexual glands diseases: etiopathogenesis, clinical presentation and medical or surgical management (1 hour).
Penile and preputial diseases: etiopathogenesis, clinical presentation and medical or surgical management (1 hour).
Male contraception: indications, surgical or pharmacologic management (1 hour).
Teaching methods
Teaching methods
Lectures (2 CFU - 16 hours) will be held in the classroom with the help of slides and or videos. Students are invited to actively participate in the lesson, based on the knowledge acquired in the preparatory classrooms. The aim of lectures is to teach the logical-practical clinical approach applied to stallion and mare and to provide students with the knowledges related to the symptoms, diagnosis, therapy and prognosis of the pathologies of the male and female reproductive system. In addition, the course aims to provide indications for a correct clinical and management process of obstetric-gynecological patients both for the improvement of their reproductive function and for the diagnosis and therapy of pathologies causing hypo/infertility
Lectures (2 CFU - 16 hours) will be held in the classroom with the help of slides and or videos. Students are invited to actively participate in the lesson, based on the knowledge acquired in the preparatory classrooms. The aim of lectures is to teach the logical-practical clinical approach applied to stallion and mare and to provide students with the knowledges related to the symptoms, diagnosis, therapy and prognosis of the pathologies of the male and female reproductive system. In addition, the course aims to provide indications for a correct clinical and management process of obstetric-gynecological patients both for the improvement of their reproductive function and for the diagnosis and therapy of pathologies causing hypo/infertility
Teaching Resources
Bibliography
A McKinnon et al (eds). Equine Reproduction 2e Set - Volumes 1 & Volume 2. Iowa State University Press 2011. ISBN 0813819717
D C Knottenbelt et al (eds). Equine Neonatology Medicine and Surgery. Saunders, 2004. ISBN 0 7020 2692 1
A McKinnon et al (eds). Equine Reproduction 2e Set - Volumes 1 & Volume 2. Iowa State University Press 2011. ISBN 0813819717
D C Knottenbelt et al (eds). Equine Neonatology Medicine and Surgery. Saunders, 2004. ISBN 0 7020 2692 1
Equine surgery
Course syllabus
Course Syllabus
Surgical management of limbs wound
Surgical approach to fracture in horses
Surgical management of abdominal diseases in horses and foals
Surgical management of horse tendon's pathologies
Surgical approach to upper airways in horses
Surgical treatment of dental diseases in horses
Surgical approach to joint diseases in horses
Surgical approach to ocular disorders
Practical training (16 hours). Clinical activities at the Equine Department of the University Veterinary Hospital and at the operating rooms: patient registration, collection of medical history, basic clinical examination and specialist examination, proposal of differential diagnoses, discussion of decision-making algorithm for diagnostic procedures, issuance of a diagnosis, choice of appropriate treatment and prognosis, and writing a clinical report. In the surgical rooms, on the other hand, once the clinical case has been framed, the surgical and anesthesiological protocols will be discussed and illustrated, pre-operative procedures for the patient and surgical staff will be explained and performed, the surgical site will be prepared, surgical procedures will be witnessed, and post-operative care will be planned
Surgical management of limbs wound
Surgical approach to fracture in horses
Surgical management of abdominal diseases in horses and foals
Surgical management of horse tendon's pathologies
Surgical approach to upper airways in horses
Surgical treatment of dental diseases in horses
Surgical approach to joint diseases in horses
Surgical approach to ocular disorders
Practical training (16 hours). Clinical activities at the Equine Department of the University Veterinary Hospital and at the operating rooms: patient registration, collection of medical history, basic clinical examination and specialist examination, proposal of differential diagnoses, discussion of decision-making algorithm for diagnostic procedures, issuance of a diagnosis, choice of appropriate treatment and prognosis, and writing a clinical report. In the surgical rooms, on the other hand, once the clinical case has been framed, the surgical and anesthesiological protocols will be discussed and illustrated, pre-operative procedures for the patient and surgical staff will be explained and performed, the surgical site will be prepared, surgical procedures will be witnessed, and post-operative care will be planned
Teaching methods
Teaching methods
The EQUINE SURGERY module consists of 3 CFU and includes:
Frontal classroom teaching (2 CFU - 16 hours): the purpose of which is to provide the student with the logical-practical method of clinical reasoning that enables the live diagnosis of pathologies of surgical interest, the formulation of prognosis, the choice of the most appropriate surgical therapy, and the analysis and management of possible short-, medium-, and long-term complications. Lectures will be delivered through the use of slides or videos. Where appropriate, the student will be asked to prepare for the theoretical lecture by consulting lecture materials (slides, scientific articles, book chapters) so as to promote interaction and verify learning through collegial discussion of sample clinical cases in the classroom.
Practical training (1 CFU - 16 hours) carried out as follows:
- 16 hours/student for 12 groups of students (total 192 hours) of clinical activities at the Equine Department of the University Veterinary Hospital and at the adjoining surgical rooms, always under the supervision of the exercisers. At the examination rooms of the Equine Department, the following activities will be carried out: patient registration, history taking, basic clinical examination and specialist examination, proposal of differential diagnoses, discussion of decision-making algorithm for diagnostic procedures, issuance of a diagnosis, choice of appropriate treatment and prognosis, and writing a clinical report. In the surgical rooms, on the other hand, once the clinical case has been framed, the surgical and anesthesiological protocols will be discussed and illustrated, pre-operative procedures for the patient and surgical staff will be explained and performed, the surgical site will be prepared, surgical procedures will be witnessed, and post-operative care will be planned. At the end of the procedures, the clinical case will be discussed and the clinical report will be prepared.
The EQUINE SURGERY module consists of 3 CFU and includes:
Frontal classroom teaching (2 CFU - 16 hours): the purpose of which is to provide the student with the logical-practical method of clinical reasoning that enables the live diagnosis of pathologies of surgical interest, the formulation of prognosis, the choice of the most appropriate surgical therapy, and the analysis and management of possible short-, medium-, and long-term complications. Lectures will be delivered through the use of slides or videos. Where appropriate, the student will be asked to prepare for the theoretical lecture by consulting lecture materials (slides, scientific articles, book chapters) so as to promote interaction and verify learning through collegial discussion of sample clinical cases in the classroom.
Practical training (1 CFU - 16 hours) carried out as follows:
- 16 hours/student for 12 groups of students (total 192 hours) of clinical activities at the Equine Department of the University Veterinary Hospital and at the adjoining surgical rooms, always under the supervision of the exercisers. At the examination rooms of the Equine Department, the following activities will be carried out: patient registration, history taking, basic clinical examination and specialist examination, proposal of differential diagnoses, discussion of decision-making algorithm for diagnostic procedures, issuance of a diagnosis, choice of appropriate treatment and prognosis, and writing a clinical report. In the surgical rooms, on the other hand, once the clinical case has been framed, the surgical and anesthesiological protocols will be discussed and illustrated, pre-operative procedures for the patient and surgical staff will be explained and performed, the surgical site will be prepared, surgical procedures will be witnessed, and post-operative care will be planned. At the end of the procedures, the clinical case will be discussed and the clinical report will be prepared.
Teaching Resources
Bibliography
Educational material published on the MyAriel website: Lesson slides, relevant scientific publications for each topic, textbook chapters.
Textbook:
- Adams and Stashak's Lameness in Horses 7th edition, Gary Baxter, John Wiley & Sons Inc2020.
- Auer Stick Equine Surgery 5th edition, Sounders, 2018
Educational material published on the MyAriel website: Lesson slides, relevant scientific publications for each topic, textbook chapters.
Textbook:
- Adams and Stashak's Lameness in Horses 7th edition, Gary Baxter, John Wiley & Sons Inc2020.
- Auer Stick Equine Surgery 5th edition, Sounders, 2018
Equine orthopedics
Course syllabus
Course Syllabus
Orthopedic examination in the equine patient (2 hours)
Introduction to fractures and management of the fractured patient (2 hours)
Joint pathologies of nonsurgical relevance (2 hours)
Teno-ligamentous pathologies on a traumatic and degenerative basis (2 hours)
Developmental pathologies and congenital alterations of orthopedic relevance (2 hours)
Pathologies of the cervico-thoracolumbar spine (2 hours)
Thoracic and abdominal trauma (2 hours)
Trauma of the musculoskeletal system and skin (2 hours)
Practical training (16 hours). Clinical activities at the Equine Department of the University Veterinary Hospital and at the operating rooms: patient registration, collection of medical history, basic clinical examination and specialist examination, proposal of differential diagnoses, discussion of decision-making algorithm for diagnostic procedures, issuance of a diagnosis, choice of appropriate treatment and prognosis, and writing a clinical report. In the surgical rooms, on the other hand, once the clinical case has been framed, the surgical and anesthesiological protocols will be discussed and illustrated, pre-operative procedures for the patient and surgical staff will be explained and performed, the surgical site will be prepared, surgical procedures will be witnessed, and post-operative care will be planned
Orthopedic examination in the equine patient (2 hours)
Introduction to fractures and management of the fractured patient (2 hours)
Joint pathologies of nonsurgical relevance (2 hours)
Teno-ligamentous pathologies on a traumatic and degenerative basis (2 hours)
Developmental pathologies and congenital alterations of orthopedic relevance (2 hours)
Pathologies of the cervico-thoracolumbar spine (2 hours)
Thoracic and abdominal trauma (2 hours)
Trauma of the musculoskeletal system and skin (2 hours)
Practical training (16 hours). Clinical activities at the Equine Department of the University Veterinary Hospital and at the operating rooms: patient registration, collection of medical history, basic clinical examination and specialist examination, proposal of differential diagnoses, discussion of decision-making algorithm for diagnostic procedures, issuance of a diagnosis, choice of appropriate treatment and prognosis, and writing a clinical report. In the surgical rooms, on the other hand, once the clinical case has been framed, the surgical and anesthesiological protocols will be discussed and illustrated, pre-operative procedures for the patient and surgical staff will be explained and performed, the surgical site will be prepared, surgical procedures will be witnessed, and post-operative care will be planned
Teaching methods
Teaching methods
The EQUINE ORTHOPEDICS module consists of 3 CFU and includes:
Frontal classroom teaching (2 CFU - 16 hours): the purpose of which is to provide the student with the logical-practical method of clinical reasoning that enables the live diagnosis of pathologies of surgical interest, the formulation of prognosis, the choice of the most appropriate surgical therapy, and the analysis and management of possible short-, medium-, and long-term complications. Lectures will be delivered through the use of slides or videos. Where appropriate, the student will be asked to prepare for the theoretical lecture by consulting lecture materials (slides, scientific articles, book chapters) so as to promote interaction and verify learning through collegial discussion of sample clinical cases in the classroom.
Practical training (1 CFU - 16 hours) carried out as follows:
- 16 hours/student for 12 groups of students (total 192 hours) of clinical activities at the Equine Department of the University Veterinary Hospital and at the adjoining surgical rooms, always under the supervision of the exercisers. At the examination rooms of the Equine Department, the following activities will be carried out: patient registration, history taking, basic clinical examination and specialist examination, proposal of differential diagnoses, discussion of decision-making algorithm for diagnostic procedures, issuance of a diagnosis, choice of appropriate treatment and prognosis, and writing a clinical report. In the surgical rooms, on the other hand, once the clinical case has been framed, the surgical and anesthesiological protocols will be discussed and illustrated, pre-operative procedures for the patient and surgical staff will be explained and performed, the surgical site will be prepared, surgical procedures will be witnessed, and post-operative care will be planned. At the end of the procedures, the clinical case will be discussed and the clinical report will be prepared
The EQUINE ORTHOPEDICS module consists of 3 CFU and includes:
Frontal classroom teaching (2 CFU - 16 hours): the purpose of which is to provide the student with the logical-practical method of clinical reasoning that enables the live diagnosis of pathologies of surgical interest, the formulation of prognosis, the choice of the most appropriate surgical therapy, and the analysis and management of possible short-, medium-, and long-term complications. Lectures will be delivered through the use of slides or videos. Where appropriate, the student will be asked to prepare for the theoretical lecture by consulting lecture materials (slides, scientific articles, book chapters) so as to promote interaction and verify learning through collegial discussion of sample clinical cases in the classroom.
Practical training (1 CFU - 16 hours) carried out as follows:
- 16 hours/student for 12 groups of students (total 192 hours) of clinical activities at the Equine Department of the University Veterinary Hospital and at the adjoining surgical rooms, always under the supervision of the exercisers. At the examination rooms of the Equine Department, the following activities will be carried out: patient registration, history taking, basic clinical examination and specialist examination, proposal of differential diagnoses, discussion of decision-making algorithm for diagnostic procedures, issuance of a diagnosis, choice of appropriate treatment and prognosis, and writing a clinical report. In the surgical rooms, on the other hand, once the clinical case has been framed, the surgical and anesthesiological protocols will be discussed and illustrated, pre-operative procedures for the patient and surgical staff will be explained and performed, the surgical site will be prepared, surgical procedures will be witnessed, and post-operative care will be planned. At the end of the procedures, the clinical case will be discussed and the clinical report will be prepared
Teaching Resources
Bibliography
Educational material published on the MyAriel website: Lesson slides, relevant scientific publications for each topic, textbook chapters.
Textbook:
- Auer Stick Equine Surgery 5th edition, Sounders, 2018
Educational material published on the MyAriel website: Lesson slides, relevant scientific publications for each topic, textbook chapters.
Textbook:
- Auer Stick Equine Surgery 5th edition, Sounders, 2018
Equine internal medicine
Course syllabus
Course Syllabus
Introduction to the Course (1 hour). Textbooks, basic knowledge, course structure, organization of exercises, exam modalities. Course evaluation sheets. Anamnesis and clinical examination, symptom assessment, principles of differential diagnosis, selection of diagnostic tests, prognosis, formulation of suitable therapy, and prevention. Reference range for the most important hematological and biochemical parameters in equines.
Clinical approach to Pathologies causing hyperthermia and fever (1 hour). Differential diagnosis of pathologies causing hyperthermia (hyperthermia due to exercise and heat stroke, central hyperthermia, drug-induced and toxic hyperthermia, malignant hyperthermia) and diseases causing fever (infectious, neoplastic, immune-mediated diseases).
Clinical approach to Respiratory system pathologies (3 hours). Clinical approach to lower airway diseases, differential diagnostics (inflammatory and infectious diseases, mild and severe asthma, exercise -induced pulmonary hemorrhage, pneumonia and pleuropneumonia, pulmonary edema), etiopathogenesis, clinical symptoms, laboratory findings, execution of thoracic ultrasound, endoscopic examination and interpretation of cytological and microbiological findings, therapy and prognosis. Clinical approach to upper airway diseases, differential diagnostics (sinusitis, diseases of the guttural pouches, pharynx, and larynx), etiopathogenesis, clinical symptoms, diagnostic imaging findings, therapy and prognosis.
Clinical approach to Pathologies of the cardiovascular system (4 hours). Clinical approach to diseases causing heart murmurs, differential diagnostics (congenital cardiac diseases, causes of valvular insufficiency, heart failure), etiopathogenesis, clinical symptoms, laboratory findings, echocardiography, therapy and prognosis.
Clinical approach to pathologies causing arrhythmia, differential diagnosis, etiopathogenesis, clinical symptoms, interpretation of electrocardiographic findings, therapy and prognosis.
Clinical approach to anemia, thrombocytopenia and vasculitis, differential diagnosis, etiopathogenesis, clinical symptoms, laboratory findings, therapy and prognosis.
Clinical approach to Metabolic pathologies (1 hour). Equine metabolic disease and insulin resistance, pathology of the pars intermedia of the pituitary gland (PPID), hyperlipemia, differential diagnosis, clinical symptoms, laboratory tests and diagnostic imaging findings, therapy and prognosis.
Clinical approach to Digestive system pathologies (2 hours). Clinical approach to esophageal pathologies, gastric ulcer syndrome, malabsorption, enterocolitis, endotoxemia, liver disease, and their differential diagnosis. Etiopathogenesis, laboratory, ultrasonographic and endoscopic findings, electrolyte imbalances and setting of fluid therapy, treatment and prognosis.
Clinical approach to Pathologies of the nervous and musculoskeletal systems (2 hours). Encephalitis and encephalomyelitis, Equine Motor Neuron Disease, myopathies (RER, EPSM), differential diagnosis, pathogenesis, clinical symptoms, laboratory tests, diagnosis, therapy and prognosis.
Clinical approach to Skin pathologies (1 hour). Clinical aspect and differential diagnosis of the most frequent skin diseases in horses (urticaria and itching, hypersensitivity, nodular skin diseases), differential diagnosis, clinical symptoms, diagnostic tests, treatment and prognosis.
Clinical approach to Urinary tract pathologies (1 hour). Clinical approach to the most common pathologies of the urinary system (urethritis, cystitis, stones, nephropathies), differential diagnostics, etiopathogenesis, clinical symptoms, laboratory findings, endoscopic and ultrasonographic findings, therapy and prognosis.
Discussion of clinical cases (1 hour). Interactive discussion of clinical cases.
Practical training (16 hours). Clinical practice at the Equine Unit of the University Veterinary Hospital: clinical examination of hospitalized animals and application of biosafety principles, collection of anamnestic data, choice and execution of laboratory and instrumental tests, collegial discussion of the findings, differential diagnosis and possible need of additional investigations, formulation of the diagnosis and setting of the therapy. Compilation of the clinical record and setting up a report.
Introduction to the Course (1 hour). Textbooks, basic knowledge, course structure, organization of exercises, exam modalities. Course evaluation sheets. Anamnesis and clinical examination, symptom assessment, principles of differential diagnosis, selection of diagnostic tests, prognosis, formulation of suitable therapy, and prevention. Reference range for the most important hematological and biochemical parameters in equines.
Clinical approach to Pathologies causing hyperthermia and fever (1 hour). Differential diagnosis of pathologies causing hyperthermia (hyperthermia due to exercise and heat stroke, central hyperthermia, drug-induced and toxic hyperthermia, malignant hyperthermia) and diseases causing fever (infectious, neoplastic, immune-mediated diseases).
Clinical approach to Respiratory system pathologies (3 hours). Clinical approach to lower airway diseases, differential diagnostics (inflammatory and infectious diseases, mild and severe asthma, exercise -induced pulmonary hemorrhage, pneumonia and pleuropneumonia, pulmonary edema), etiopathogenesis, clinical symptoms, laboratory findings, execution of thoracic ultrasound, endoscopic examination and interpretation of cytological and microbiological findings, therapy and prognosis. Clinical approach to upper airway diseases, differential diagnostics (sinusitis, diseases of the guttural pouches, pharynx, and larynx), etiopathogenesis, clinical symptoms, diagnostic imaging findings, therapy and prognosis.
Clinical approach to Pathologies of the cardiovascular system (4 hours). Clinical approach to diseases causing heart murmurs, differential diagnostics (congenital cardiac diseases, causes of valvular insufficiency, heart failure), etiopathogenesis, clinical symptoms, laboratory findings, echocardiography, therapy and prognosis.
Clinical approach to pathologies causing arrhythmia, differential diagnosis, etiopathogenesis, clinical symptoms, interpretation of electrocardiographic findings, therapy and prognosis.
Clinical approach to anemia, thrombocytopenia and vasculitis, differential diagnosis, etiopathogenesis, clinical symptoms, laboratory findings, therapy and prognosis.
Clinical approach to Metabolic pathologies (1 hour). Equine metabolic disease and insulin resistance, pathology of the pars intermedia of the pituitary gland (PPID), hyperlipemia, differential diagnosis, clinical symptoms, laboratory tests and diagnostic imaging findings, therapy and prognosis.
Clinical approach to Digestive system pathologies (2 hours). Clinical approach to esophageal pathologies, gastric ulcer syndrome, malabsorption, enterocolitis, endotoxemia, liver disease, and their differential diagnosis. Etiopathogenesis, laboratory, ultrasonographic and endoscopic findings, electrolyte imbalances and setting of fluid therapy, treatment and prognosis.
Clinical approach to Pathologies of the nervous and musculoskeletal systems (2 hours). Encephalitis and encephalomyelitis, Equine Motor Neuron Disease, myopathies (RER, EPSM), differential diagnosis, pathogenesis, clinical symptoms, laboratory tests, diagnosis, therapy and prognosis.
Clinical approach to Skin pathologies (1 hour). Clinical aspect and differential diagnosis of the most frequent skin diseases in horses (urticaria and itching, hypersensitivity, nodular skin diseases), differential diagnosis, clinical symptoms, diagnostic tests, treatment and prognosis.
Clinical approach to Urinary tract pathologies (1 hour). Clinical approach to the most common pathologies of the urinary system (urethritis, cystitis, stones, nephropathies), differential diagnostics, etiopathogenesis, clinical symptoms, laboratory findings, endoscopic and ultrasonographic findings, therapy and prognosis.
Discussion of clinical cases (1 hour). Interactive discussion of clinical cases.
Practical training (16 hours). Clinical practice at the Equine Unit of the University Veterinary Hospital: clinical examination of hospitalized animals and application of biosafety principles, collection of anamnestic data, choice and execution of laboratory and instrumental tests, collegial discussion of the findings, differential diagnosis and possible need of additional investigations, formulation of the diagnosis and setting of the therapy. Compilation of the clinical record and setting up a report.
Teaching methods
Teaching methods
The EQUINE INTERNAL MEDICINE module is composed by 3 CFU:
Lectures (2 CFU - 16 hours): the aim of lectures is to teach the logical-practical clinical approach, including clinical argumentations of health problem, formulation of diagnosis, prognosis, therapies or preventive measures. Lectures will be carried out with the help of slides or videos. Whenever appropriate, the student will be asked to prepare for the theoretical lesson by consulting teaching material (slides, scientific papers, book chapters) so as to promote interaction between teacher and students and verify learning through collegial discussion of clinical cases.
Practical training (1 CFU - 16 hours) carried out as follows:
- 16 hour/student of practice exercises at the Equine clinic of the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of the University of Milan for 12 groups of students (tot. 192 hours): students, under the guidance of the tutors, actively participate in the clinical management of patients, taking care of the collection of history, performing the clinical examination, eventually accompanied by laboratory investigations. Then students will discuss the findings and the possible need for additional investigations with tutors, to be able to make the diagnosis and set the most correct therapy.
The EQUINE INTERNAL MEDICINE module is composed by 3 CFU:
Lectures (2 CFU - 16 hours): the aim of lectures is to teach the logical-practical clinical approach, including clinical argumentations of health problem, formulation of diagnosis, prognosis, therapies or preventive measures. Lectures will be carried out with the help of slides or videos. Whenever appropriate, the student will be asked to prepare for the theoretical lesson by consulting teaching material (slides, scientific papers, book chapters) so as to promote interaction between teacher and students and verify learning through collegial discussion of clinical cases.
Practical training (1 CFU - 16 hours) carried out as follows:
- 16 hour/student of practice exercises at the Equine clinic of the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of the University of Milan for 12 groups of students (tot. 192 hours): students, under the guidance of the tutors, actively participate in the clinical management of patients, taking care of the collection of history, performing the clinical examination, eventually accompanied by laboratory investigations. Then students will discuss the findings and the possible need for additional investigations with tutors, to be able to make the diagnosis and set the most correct therapy.
Teaching Resources
Bibliography
Educational material published on the MyAriel website: Lesson slides, relevant scientific publications for each topic, textbook chapters.
Textbook: Stephen M. Reed, Warwick M. Bayly, Debra C. Sellon (2017) Equine Internal Medicine, 4th Edition. Elsevier - Health Sciences Division.
Recommended reads: Debra C. Sellon, Maureen T. Long (2013) Equine Infectious Diseases, 2nd Edition. W.B Saunders. - Celia M. Marr, Mark Bowen (2010) Cardiology of the Horse, 2nd Edition. W.B Saunders. - Tim Mair, Thomas J. Divers, Norm Ducharme (2001) Manual of Equine Gastroenterology, 1st Edition. W.B Saunders. - Bruce C. McGorum, N. Edward Robinson, James Schumacher, Padraic M. Dixon (2006) Equine Respiratory Medicine and Surgery 1st Edition. W.B Saunders. - Martin Furr, Stephen Reed (2015) Equine neurology, 2nd edition. John Wiley & Sons. - Derek Knottenbelt (2015) Clinical Equine Oncology. Elsevier - Health Sciences Division. - Danny W. Scott, William H. Miller (2010) Equine Dermatology, 2nd Edition. Elsevier - Health Sciences Division.
Educational material published on the MyAriel website: Lesson slides, relevant scientific publications for each topic, textbook chapters.
Textbook: Stephen M. Reed, Warwick M. Bayly, Debra C. Sellon (2017) Equine Internal Medicine, 4th Edition. Elsevier - Health Sciences Division.
Recommended reads: Debra C. Sellon, Maureen T. Long (2013) Equine Infectious Diseases, 2nd Edition. W.B Saunders. - Celia M. Marr, Mark Bowen (2010) Cardiology of the Horse, 2nd Edition. W.B Saunders. - Tim Mair, Thomas J. Divers, Norm Ducharme (2001) Manual of Equine Gastroenterology, 1st Edition. W.B Saunders. - Bruce C. McGorum, N. Edward Robinson, James Schumacher, Padraic M. Dixon (2006) Equine Respiratory Medicine and Surgery 1st Edition. W.B Saunders. - Martin Furr, Stephen Reed (2015) Equine neurology, 2nd edition. John Wiley & Sons. - Derek Knottenbelt (2015) Clinical Equine Oncology. Elsevier - Health Sciences Division. - Danny W. Scott, William H. Miller (2010) Equine Dermatology, 2nd Edition. Elsevier - Health Sciences Division.
Veterinary drug prescription and management for companion animals
Course syllabus
Course Syllabus (1 CFU: 1 CFU lectures)
· Rational use of antibiotics in the most common diseases of bacterial origin in dogs, cats and horses with particular attention to the implications of antibiotic resistance (2h).
· Therapeutic approach to the most common respiratory system diseases in dogs, cats and horses; such as for example (2h):
· Upper airways diseases in dog/cat
· Asthma in cats and horses
· Chronic bronchitis in dogs
· Therapeutic approach to the most common diseases of the gastrointestinal system in dogs, cats and horses; such as for example (2h):
· Acute gastroeneteritis in dogs/cats/horses
· Gastroduodenal ulcer in dogs/cats and gastric ulcers in horses
· Medical management of colic in horses
· Therapeutic approach to the most common diseases/syndromes of the cardiovascular system in dogs, cats and horses; such as for example (2h):
· Acute and chronic heart failure in dogs/cats/horses
· Arrhythmias in dogs/cats/horses
· Arterial thromboembolism in cats
· Systemic hypertension in dogs/cats
· Rational use of antibiotics in the most common diseases of bacterial origin in dogs, cats and horses with particular attention to the implications of antibiotic resistance (2h).
· Therapeutic approach to the most common respiratory system diseases in dogs, cats and horses; such as for example (2h):
· Upper airways diseases in dog/cat
· Asthma in cats and horses
· Chronic bronchitis in dogs
· Therapeutic approach to the most common diseases of the gastrointestinal system in dogs, cats and horses; such as for example (2h):
· Acute gastroeneteritis in dogs/cats/horses
· Gastroduodenal ulcer in dogs/cats and gastric ulcers in horses
· Medical management of colic in horses
· Therapeutic approach to the most common diseases/syndromes of the cardiovascular system in dogs, cats and horses; such as for example (2h):
· Acute and chronic heart failure in dogs/cats/horses
· Arrhythmias in dogs/cats/horses
· Arterial thromboembolism in cats
· Systemic hypertension in dogs/cats
Teaching methods
Teaching methods
Lectures (1 CFU - 8 hours): 6h type A (lectures) and 2h type b (group work with supervision).
Lectures will be carried out with the help of slides or videos. Whenever appropriate, the student will be asked to prepare for the theoretical lesson/group work by consulting teaching material (slides, scientific papers, book chapters) so as to promote interaction between teacher and students and verify learning.
Lectures (1 CFU - 8 hours): 6h type A (lectures) and 2h type b (group work with supervision).
Lectures will be carried out with the help of slides or videos. Whenever appropriate, the student will be asked to prepare for the theoretical lesson/group work by consulting teaching material (slides, scientific papers, book chapters) so as to promote interaction between teacher and students and verify learning.
Teaching Resources
Bibliography
Educational material published on the MyAriel website: Lesson slides, relevant scientific publications for each topic, textbook chapters.
Educational material published on the MyAriel website: Lesson slides, relevant scientific publications for each topic, textbook chapters.
Equine internal medicine
VET/08 - VETERINARY CLINICAL MEDICINE - University credits: 3
Practicals: 16 hours
Lessons: 16 hours
Lessons: 16 hours
Professor:
Zucca Enrica
Shifts:
1 TURNO PER GRUPPI DI STUDENTI
Professor:
Zucca Enrica10 TURNO PER GRUPPI DI STUDENTI
Professor:
Zucca Enrica11 TURNO PER GRUPPI DI STUDENTI
Professor:
Zucca Enrica12 TURNO PER GRUPPI DI STUDENTI
Professor:
Zucca Enrica2 TURNO PER GRUPPI DI STUDENTI
Professor:
Zucca Enrica3 TURNO PER GRUPPI DI STUDENTI
Professor:
Zucca Enrica4 TURNO PER GRUPPI DI STUDENTI
Professor:
Zucca Enrica5 TURNO PER GRUPPI DI STUDENTI
Professor:
Zucca Enrica6 TURNO PER GRUPPI DI STUDENTI
Professor:
Zucca Enrica7 TURNO PER GRUPPI DI STUDENTI
Professor:
Zucca Enrica8 TURNO PER GRUPPI DI STUDENTI
Professor:
Zucca Enrica9 TURNO PER GRUPPI DI STUDENTI
Professor:
Zucca EnricaTurno
Professor:
Zucca Enrica
Equine orthopedics
VET/09 - VETERINARY CLINICAL SURGERY - University credits: 1
Lessons: 8 hours
Professor:
Zani Davide Danilo
Shifts:
Turno
Professor:
Zani Davide Danilo
Equine reproduction
VET/10 - VETERINARY CLINICAL OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY - University credits: 2
Lessons: 16 hours
Professor:
Cremonesi Fausto
Shifts:
Turno
Professor:
Cremonesi Fausto
Equine surgery
VET/09 - VETERINARY CLINICAL SURGERY - University credits: 3
Practicals: 16 hours
Lessons: 16 hours
Lessons: 16 hours
Professor:
Zani Davide Danilo
Shifts:
1 TURNO PER GRUPPI DI STUDENTI
Professor:
Zani Davide Danilo11 TURNO PER GRUPPI DI STUDENTI
Professor:
Zani Davide Danilo12 TURNO PER GRUPPI DI STUDENTI
Professor:
Zani Davide Danilo1O TURNO PER GRUPPI DI STUDENTI
Professor:
Zani Davide Danilo2 TURNO PER GRUPPI DI STUDENTI
Professor:
Zani Davide Danilo3 TURNO PER GRUPPI DI STUDENTI
Professor:
Zani Davide Danilo4 TURNO PER GRUPPI DI STUDENTI
Professor:
Zani Davide Danilo5 TURNO PER GRUPPI DI STUDENTI
Professor:
Zani Davide Danilo6 TURNO PER GRUPPI DI STUDENTI
Professor:
Zani Davide Danilo7 TURNO PER GRUPPI DI STUDENTI
Professor:
Zani Davide Danilo8 TURNO PER GRUPPI DI STUDENTI
Professor:
Zani Davide Danilo9 TURNO PER GRUPPI DI STUDENTI
Professor:
Zani Davide DaniloTurno
Professor:
Zani Davide Danilo
Veterinary drug prescription and management for companion animals
VET/08 - VETERINARY CLINICAL MEDICINE - University credits: 1
Lessons: 8 hours
Professor:
Locatelli Chiara
Professor(s)