Conventional Radiology: Imaging and Techniques

Electromagnetic radiation: propagation and spectrum.
Limits of classical physics: outline of quantum mechanics.
Outline of atomic structure.
X-rays: production. Principles of operation of the x-ray tube.
Characteristics of the X spectrum
Interaction between X-ray and matter and the nature of contrast.
Image formation principles.

TOPIC 1: Lecturer and course presentation; Radiology room and equipment in use; Radiological techniques; Conducting an X-ray examination;
The lectures include an explanation of the indications for the examination, standard and non-standard radiological projections, an overview and in-depth study of radiological anatomy, exposure parameters and the correct criteria to follow for correct optimisation of the radiant dose.
ARGUMENT 2: Radiological study of the spinal column (district elements: cervical, dorsal, lumbar, whole spinal column);
TOPIC 3: X-ray study of the upper limbs (scapular girdle, humerus, elbow, forearm, carpus, metacarpus, phalanges)
TOPIC 4: X-ray study of the lower limbs (pelvic girdle, femur, knee, leg, ankle, foot, loaded lower limbs);
TOPIC 5: X-ray study of the skull, orthopantomography and telecranium;
TOPIC 6: X-ray study of the thorax, hemithorax and sternum;
ARGUMENT 7: X-ray study of the abdomen in white;
TOPIC 8: Breast radiology (mammography and tomosynthesis);

Physical principles of radiation - Equipment.
Nature of X-rays
X-ray formation inside the x-ray tube.
Qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the x-ray beam.
Interactions of radiation with matter: Compton effect and photoelectric effect.
X-ray tube: focal spot.
The trocoscopio.
The stand.
The remote control.
The orthopantomograph.
Traditional analogue radiology (reinforcement screens and films).
Digital radiology: the CR (plate) system.
Digital radiology: the DR (flat pannel) system.
Fundamental parts of the radiological equipment: x-ray tube, collimators, radiological table, sensitive plane, ionization chambers, anti-diffusion grids, image intensifier.
Principles of radiological technique.
Concept of mA, kV, s.
One-point technique, two points, three points.
Contact technique.
Using the potter
Use of ionization chambers.
Use of fires.
High kilovoltage technique.
Centering techniques.
The main radiation and diffuse radiation.
Object magnification.
Object deformation.
Shading of the object.
The planes of space.
Space terminology.
Radiological projections.
Radiological study (standard projections and particular studies) and radiological anatomy of the skeletal segments.
Skull (standard projections, study of the sellar region, study of the facial massif, study of the occipital scale).
Cervical (standard, oblique, dynamic projections, study of the tooth of the axis).
Dorsal (standard, oblique, dynamic projections, under load).
Lumbar (standard projections, oblique, dynamic, under load).
Sacred (standard projections).
Scapulo-humeral track (standard, projected, oblique, thoracic projections).
Homer (standard projections).
Elbow (standard projections).
Radio and ulna (standard projections).
Carpus (standard and targeted projections).
Mano (standard and targeted projections).
Coasts (standard projections).
Clavicle (standard projections).
Sterno (standard projections).
Basin (standard projections, study of iliac wings, study of sacroiliac joints).
Coxo-femoral joint (standard, semiaxial, axial projections).
Femur (standard projections).
Knee (standard and under load projections).
Tibia and fibula (standard projections).
Tibio-tarsic (standard, oblique and targeted projections).
Foot (standard projections, targeted, under load).
X-ray of the column in its entirety.
Orthopantomography.
Chest.
Abdomen.
Radiological studies in first-aid patients.
Radiological studies in outpatients.
Radiological studies on minors.
Radiological studies on women of childbearing age.
Overview of the information for the study and the consent of the patient.
Radiological study of the breast.