Biophysiology of Reproduction, Sexology and Andrology

· Anatomy of the female genital tract
· Physiology and pathology of the menstrual cycle
· Contraception: natural and pharmacological methods for controlling fertility
· Infertility and assisted reproduction
· Abortion
· The climacteric: clinical and therapeutic aspects
· Gynecological emergencies: adnexal torsion, hemorrhagic corpus luteum, pelvic inflammatory disease, ectopic pregnancy
· Genital tract infections
· Benign gynecological pathology: fibroids, polyps, ovarian cysts, endometriosis
· Early diagnosis of cervical tumors (HPV)
· Prenatal diagnosis: amniocentesis, villocentesis, bi-test, DNA test
· Instrumental diagnostics in gynecology: gynecological ultrasound, colposcopy, hysteroscopy

Introduction to the course;
- Introduction to the Endocrine System;
- Classification of hormones and their mechanisms of action;
- Description of the hypothalamic-pituitary system and functioning of the hypothalamic-pituitary axes with particular attention to the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis;
- Sexual differentiation and gonadal development: determination of chromosomal sex, gonadal sex, phenotypic sex and psychological sex; Classification of sexual differentiation disorders: Klinefelter syndrome, Turner syndrome
- Puberty: physiology, precocious puberty and delayed puberty.
- Ovarian physiology: synthesis and function of estrogen and progesterone; description of the menstrual cycle.
- Description of primary and secondary, hypo-/hyper- and normogondatropic amenorrhea.
- Polycystic ovary syndrome
- Hyperprolactinemic syndromes
- Fertility and thyroid
- Pregnancy and thyroid function
- Physiological and iatrogenic menopause, Premature ovarian failure.
- Peripheral and central male hypogonadism, male late-onset hypogonadism (LOH)
- Cryptorchidism, varicocele
- Gynecomastia
- Erectile dysfuntcion
- Testis tumors

Human karyotype:
- Chromosome structure, function and classification
- Somatic cell division: the mitosis
- Germ cell division: the meiosis
- Spermatogenesis and ovogenesis
- Numerical chromosome abnormalities: non-disjunction at meiosis I and II
- Balanced and unbalanced structural chromosome abnormalities

- Genetic sex determination: the importance of SRY gene
- Genetic causes of male and female infertility

- Genetic inheritance:
- Dominant and recessive traits
- Monogenic diseases inheritance: the study of family trees

- Introduction to prenatal diagnosis
- Invasive vs non-invasive prenatal test
- Issues related to prenatal diagnosis

- Genetic tests and genetic counselling

- definition of sexuality linked to culture, age and function
- basics about human right sexuality like knowldage for reduce blocks that limit of right's freedom
- sexual experience in the frail elderly age
- anatomical and physiological changes in men and women related to sexuality in the elderly
- cycle of sexual response in the elderly
- chronic diseases that influence rhe sexual sphere
- sexual experience in adulthood
- pregnancy, sexuality, culture
- fatherhood and sexuality culture
- relational aspects and sexuality, culture
- complex case exercise with skills development related to teamwork: sexual desire disorder, arousal disturbance, orgasm disorder, contentment disturbance.

For each disturbance will be identified the main ones involving people divided by gender, age or culture