Biological, Physiological and Morphological Sciences

Cellular excitability.
The resting membrane potential, ionic channels, electrotonic propagation and the action potential.
Impulse conduction in myelinic and non-myielinic fibres; classification of nerve fibres
Synaptic transmission
Chemical and electrical synapses; synaptic release; receptors, second messengers; post-synaptic inhibitory potentials (IPSP); post-synaptic excitatory potentials (EPSP); spatial and temporal summation.
Neurotransmitters: classification and mechanisms of action
The Muscle
Microscopic and macroscopic morpho-functional aspects. Actin-myosin interactions. Excitation-contraction coupling. Types of muscle fibers and their functional regimes.
Respiration
Diffusion, blood flow and metabolism; relationship between ventilation and perfusion; gas transportation and exchanges. Mechanics of ventilation.
Auditory system
Nervous responses to sounds; central acoustic pathways; descending control of auditory systems; the audiogram; perception of sound sources
Physiology of phonation
Morpho-functional aspects; the muscles of the larnix and their innervation; the tongue; peripheral mechanisms of phonation. Language articulation.

Water in biological systems: structure and properties, weak interactions in aqueous systems, water ionization, pH, buffer solutions.
Molecular components of cells: Main classes of organic compounds, structure, classification and functions of organic molecules of biological interest: amino acids and proteins; lipids, fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, cholesterol and steroid hormones; carbohydrates, monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides; Nucleosides and Nucleotides and nucleic acids.
Enzymes and biological catalysis, mechanisms and regulations; Bioenergetics, General aspects, ATP as an energy carrier; Oxidations, reductions and energy transfer.
Metabolism_ general characteristics; catabolic and anabolic pathways.
Cell membranes_ Biological membranes composition, structure and organization; permeability and transport; Cellular communication, signal molecules, surface cellular receptors, signal transduction.

SKULL ANATOMY
Cranial bones, Facial bones, Temporomandibular joint
NOSE ANATOMY
External nasal structure, Nasal cavities, Paranasal sinuses
MOUTH ANATOMY
Mouth region, Lip region, Jaw region, Oral cavity, Tongue, Uvula region
NECK ANATOMY
Fascia of the neck, Suprahyoid region, Infrahyoid region, Visceral space, Carotid region, Muscles of the neck
PHARYNX ANATOMY
Pharyngeal muscles, Waldeyer ring
LARYNX ANATOMY
Laryngeal cartilages, Laryngeal joints, Laryngeal muscles, Microscopic anatomy
THORAX ANATOMY
Ribs, Vertebrae, Respiratory muscles, Trachea, Bronchi, Lungs
AUDITORY AND VESTIBULAR SYSTEM ANATOMY
External ear, Middle ear, Inner ear, Organ of Corti, Equilibrium organ

Tissues: classification and morpho-functional analyses. General characteristics of: epithelial tissues (covering and lining epithelium, exocrine and endocrine glandular epithelia); connective tissues proper; cartilage tissue; bone tissue; blood; smooth muscle tissue, skeletric and cardiac striated muscle tissues.