Basic Sciences

Atomic structure. Chemical bonds: ionic bond and covalent bond
Intermolecular bonds: van der Waals bonds and hydrogen bonds
Water: structure and characteristics; leak interactions in aqueous solution
Aqueous solutions: concentration, colligative properties, osmosis
Chemical reactions: general concepts. Reactions and equilibrium. Catalists. Redox reactions.
Ionic equilibrium in aqueous solution: water ionization, ionic product of water, pH, acids and bases, buffer solutions
Carbon and its bonds. Organic compounds (most important classes)
Structure of the organic compounds with biological activity
Enzymes: structure, action mechanism, regulation
Metabolism: general characteristics, catabolic and anabolic pathways
Energetic metabolism: energy compounds, ATP cycle, ATP synthesis, Krebs' cycle, respiratory chain and oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidative stress and antioxidant defense
Sugar metabolism: digestion, origin and fate of glucose, sugar metabolism regulation
Lipid metabolism: digestion, origin and fate of fatty acids, lipid metabolism regulation
Aminoacid metabolism: digestion, origin and fate of aminoacids, aminoacid metabolism regulation
Nucleotides and heme group synthesis and degradation

Characteristics of living organisms: cellular theory, methods for studying cells, prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, hierarchical organization in biology, organism evolution. Viruses as genetic parasites of bacteria and eucariothic cells
Informational macromolecules and central dogma of biology: DNA, RNA, proteins
Structure and organization of eukaryotic cells: cellular compartmentalization, membranous organelles and endosymbiontics, ribosomes, cytoskeleton, junctions, matrix
Cellular communication: modalities of communication among cells
Cell cycle and its regulation: phases of the cycle, control systems, apoptosis, tumoral cell.
Living beings reproduction: asexual and sexual reproduction, mitosis, meiosis, analogies and differences, gametogenesis, fertilization, differentiation
DNA replication: Meselson and Stahl and the semiconservative model of replication of the double strand, replication at molecular level, DNA damage and recovery
Transcription: different RNAs, RNA stnthesis and maturation of messenger RNAs.
Translation and genetic code: decryption of the genetic code, ribosomes and mechanisms of protein synthesis, post translational modifications
Eukaryotic genome: nucleosome structure, chromatin, gene structure (introns-exons), modulation of genetic expression
Mendel's laws
- From gene to protein to phenotype: relationship between genotype and phenotype
- Allelic interactions: dominant and recessive phenotypes, incomplete dominance e codominance
- Law on segregation of characters and their independent transmission
Modalities of transmission of mendelian traits in humans
- Mode of inheritance of characters: autosomal dominant and recessive, X-linked, mitochondrial
- Examples of monogenic inherited pathologies (sickle cell anemia, cystic fibrosis, Huntington chorea, haemophilia B)
- Locus heterogeneity
- Penetrance, expressiveness, multiple alleles (blood groups ABO, Rh)
- Family trees
Human cytogenetics
- Human normal karyotype
- Chromosomal aberrations (number and structure)
- Examples of sydromes due to chromosomal aberrations: trisomy of 21, 13 and 18, Klinefelter and Turner syndromes, Cri-du-chat

Introduction:
Role of the measurement. Fundamental and derived physical quantities. The international system of the unit of measurement. Recall on vectors (addition, subtraction, factorization).
Kinematics:
Trajectory, displacement, velocity, acceleration, uniform linear motion, uniformly accelerated motion.
Dynamics:
Principles of dynamics, gravitational force, force field, work of a force, mechanical energy, power.
Static:
Equilibrium conditions of a material point, rigid body, pair of forces, moment of a force, moment of a pair of forces, condition of equilibrium of a rigid body, center of gravity, stability of equilibrium , levers with examples of equilibrium of human body.
Statics and Dynamics of fluids:
States of aggregation of matter, density, pressure and its units of measurement, isotropy principle, Pascal, Stevino and Archimede, buoyancy, hydraulic jacks, pressure gauges, flow rate and Hagen-Poiseuille law
Thermology:
Temperature, expansion thermometer, ideal gas law, heat, mechanical equivalent of calorie, specific heat, conduction, convection, radiation.
Electrostatics and currents:
Electric charge, Coulomb's law, potential and potential energy, potential difference, conductors and insulators, capacitance of a capacitor, electric current, Ohm's laws, resistor in series and in parallel, thermal effect.
Radiation:
Ionizing radiation, natural and artificial sources, radioactivity, decay, X-rays