Systematic and Comparative Veterinary Anatomy

A.Y. 2024/2025
11
Max ECTS
104
Overall hours
SSD
VET/01
Language
Italian
Learning objectives
The course aims to provide the student with theoretical and practical knowledge of the normal anatomy of animals of veterinary interest (dog, cat, cattle, horse, pig, and rabbit), taking into consideration the systems locomotor, digestive, cardio-circulatory, respiratory, urogenital and integumentary (systematic anatomy) and the main species differences (comparative anatomy).
Expected learning outcomes
At the end of the course, the student will have to demonstrate: 1) Knowledge and understanding: in-depth knowledge of the macroscopic and microscopic anatomy of the organs, the general organization of the body, visceral spaces, and cavities by considering: organogenesis, shape, position and relationships, vascularization and innervation and the main species differences; 2) Appling knowledge and understanding: to be able to apply the knowledge acquired during the course directly on histological, myological preparations, isolated bones and skeletons, viscera and corpses of animals. 3) Making judgments: to develop critical and judgmental skills by critically and proactively addressing the frontal and practical lessons and the study of the various topics both in the textbooks and on the material provided by the teacher. 4) Communication: to be able to expose the notions acquired with appropriate terminology, updated and consistent with the terminology used in the other disciplines both during lectures, when intervening during classroom discussions, and during practical lessons. 5) Life-long learning skills: to be able to deal effectively with the study of professional subjects to have a complete preparation to enter the world of work.
Single course

This course can be attended as a single course.

Course syllabus and organization

Single session

Lesson period
year
Prerequisites for admission
To take the exam, the student must have passed the compulsory preparatory examinations of the course of Biological Sciences preparatory to Veterinary Medicine, as well as have attended not less than 70% of the theoretical and practical hours.
Assessment methods and Criteria
The exam can be taken in two tests or in a single test.
Both tests involve a written part to test acquired knowledge and a practical part to test acquired skills EXAMINATION IN TWO TESTS
Part A (Systematic and Comparative Veterinary Anatomy Module 1), to be held in January (test time 1 hour), Part B (Systematic and Comparative Veterinary Anatomy Module 1) + Part C (Systematic and Comparative Veterinary Anatomy Module 2), to be held in June and July (test time 2 hours).
The part A mark remains valid only for the months of June and July. If the student does not also pass Parts B and C by that deadline, from September no part is held valid and the student must take the exam in its entirety. As of September, only single-test examinations are scheduled.

Systematic and Comparative Veterinary Anatomy Module 1 (Part A)
Examination topics: generalities on the locomotor system, description of axial and appendicular skeleton, muscles and the junctions with the most important species differences.
Mode of conducting the examination:
(A) Written test:
· 15 multiple-choice questions (4 answers) with a choice of one correct answer. Each correct answer is worth 2 points. In case of no answer the question is not considered; in case of wrong answer the final score is reduced by 0.5 points.
· Recognition of 1 card where images related to the locomotor system, both microscopically and macroscopically, are shown on mute maps. The proposed images correspond to those projected in class. The card is worth 1 point.
The test is considered passed if the student achieves a score of 18/30.
If the student answers all 15 questions and the picture card positively, his/her final grade will be 30L.
If the student achieves an overall score of less than 27/30, he/she must take a practical test. If the student exceeds the score of 27/30, he/she may decide not to take the practical test.
B) Practical test:
· Recognition of a skeletal or arthro-myological preparation and questions inherent to the topic, designed to assess the ability to apply knowledge and language property. The preparations have already been studied and explained during the exercises.
Depending on the overall outcome of the practical test, the final score (average of Part A and Part B) may vary +/- 2 points (e.g., from 25 may become 27 or 23).
If the student, during the practical test, answers the questions insufficiently, the exam may be considered failed, even if the written test was passed. At the next examination call, the written test must also be repeated.

Systematic and Comparative Veterinary Anatomy Module 1 (Part B)
Topics of examination: cardiovascular, respiratory and integumentary apparatus, considering shape, position, relationships, architecture and structure, the most significant ultrastructural characteristics, vascularization and innervation, and species differences.
Methods of examination:
(A) Written examination:
· 14 multiple choice questions (4 answers) with the option of choosing only one correct answer. Each correct answer is valued as 2.1 points. In case of no answer the question is not considered; in case of wrong answer the final score is reduced by 0.5 points.
· Recognition of 1 card where images of organs and/or apparatuses, both microscopically and macroscopically, are shown on mute maps. The proposed images correspond to those projected in class. The card is valued at 1.6 points.
The part is considered passed if the student achieves a score of 18/30.
If the student answers positively all 14 questions and the picture card, his final mark is 30L.

Systematic and Comparative Veterinary Anatomy Module 2 (Part C)
Subjects for examination: digestive and urogenital systems, considering form, position, relationships, architecture and structure, the most significant ultrastructural features, vascularization and innervation, and species differences.
(A) Written test:
· 29 multiple-choice questions (4 answers) with a choice of only one correct answer. Each correct answer is valued at 1 point. In case of no answer the question is not considered; in case of wrong answer the final score is reduced by 0.25 points.
· Recognition of 2 cards where images of organs and/or apparatuses, both microscopically and macroscopically, are shown on mute maps. The proposed images correspond to those projected in class. Each card is worth 1 point.
B) Practical test:
· Recognition of a microscopic preparation and questions related to the topic, designed to assess the ability to apply knowledge and language property. The preparations have already been studied and explained during the exercises.
The test is considered passed if the student achieves a score of 18/30.
If the student answers all 29 questions and 2 cards positively, his/her final grade will be 30L.
If the student achieves an overall score of less than 27/30, he/she must take a practice test. If the student achieves more than 27/30, he/she may decide not to take the practical test.
Depending on the overall outcome of the practical test, the final score may vary +/- by 2 points (e.g., from 25 may become 27 or 23).
If the student, during the practical test, answers the questions insufficiently, the exam may be considered failed, even if the written test was passed. At the next examination call, the written test must also be repeated.


EXAMINATION IN A SINGLE TEST
A) Written test:
For each module there are:
· 29 multiple-choice questions (4 answers) with the option of choosing only one correct answer. Each correct answer is worth 1 point. In case of no answer the question is not considered; in case of wrong answer the final score is deducted by 0.25 points.
· Recognition of 2 cards where images of organs and/or apparatuses, both microscopically and macroscopically, are shown on silent maps. The proposed images correspond to those projected in class. Each card is worth 1 point.
The topics on which the questions cover are:
1) Systematic and Comparative Veterinary Anatomy Module 1: Generalities on the locomotor apparatus, axial and appendicular skeleton, junctions, and muscles, taking in account the most important species differences. Cardio-circulatory, respiratory, and integumentary apparatus, considering shape, position, relationships, architecture, and structure, the most significant ultrastructure characteristics, vascularization and innervations, and species differences.
2) Systematic and Comparative Veterinary Anatomy Module 2: digestive and urogenital apparatus, considering form, position, relationships, architecture, and structure; the most significant ultrastructure characteristics, vascularization and innervations; and species differences.
The final mark of the two written tests, expressed in thirtieths, corresponds to the mathematical average of the two written tests (questions and graphic cards).
The student must pass the written tests of both courses; if one of the two tests receives a score of less than 18/30, the student must repeat the entire written test, even if the other is passed.
If the student successfully answers all 29 questions and 2 tabs, his or her final grade will be 30L.
If the student achieves an overall score of less than 27/30, he/she must take a practice test. If the student achieves a passing score of 27/30, he/she may decide not to take the practical test.

B) Practical test:
1) Systematic and Comparative Veterinary Anatomy Module 1 (maximum 2 points): recognition of a skeletal or arthro-myological preparation and questions pertaining to the topic, aimed at assessing the ability to apply knowledge and language property.
2) Systematic and Comparative Veterinary Anatomy Module 2 (maximum 2 points): recognition of a microscopic preparation and questions pertaining to the topic, aimed at assessing the ability to apply knowledge and language property.

In both cases, the preparations have already been studied and explained during the exercises.
Depending on the overall outcome of the two practical tests, the final score may vary +/- by 4 points (e.g., from 25 may become 29 or 21).
If the student, during the practical test, answers the questions insufficiently, the exam may be considered failed, even if the written test was passed. At the next examination call, the written test must also be repeated.
Systematic and Comparative Veterinary Anatomy 1
Course syllabus
The module provides 40 hours of frontal teaching and 16 hours of practical lessons, which have the specific objective of providing exhaustive knowledge of the macroscopic and microscopic anatomy of the skeletal and integumentary muscle systems with their annexes (glands and hairs) and their specializations (horns) and cardio-circulatory and respiratory systems in species of veterinary interest. The nail anatomy will be treated in the topographic anatomy module (4th year). The topics will be treated in a systematic and comparative way. The description of each apparatus is preceded by a description of its organogenesis.
The introductory lesson and the lessons on the musculoskeletal system, both frontal and practical, will be carried out during the first semester, those on the respiratory, cardio-circulatory, and integumentary systems, in the second semester

A) Frontal lessons (40 hours)
1. Introduction to the course, programs, exam procedures, recommended textbooks (2 hours, first semester)
2. Musculoskeletal system (24 hours, first semester)
- generality on bones, joints, muscles (3 hours)
- axial skeleton (5 hours)
- appendicular skeleton fore limb, bones and related joints (5 hours)
- appendicular skeleton hind limb, bones and related joints (4 hours)
- limb myology, 4 hours
- head, neck and trunk myology (3 hours)
3. Cardio-circulatory system (8 hours, second semester)
-heart (2ore)
-systemic circulation (3 hours)
-lymphatic system (3 hours)
4. Respiratory system (4 hours, second semester)
-upper airways (1 hour)
-lower airways (3 hours)
5. Integumentary system (4 hours, second semester)
-skin and its annexes (2 hours)
-mammary gland (2 hours)

B) Practical lessons (16 hours, first semester)
Practical lessons on the skeletal system take place on isolated bones, whole skeletons, muscle preparations and models; the practical lessons of myology take place on limbs isolated from cadavers of different species of domestic animals
1. Axial skeleton and related joints (4 hours)
2. Appendicular skeleton and related joints (8 hours)
3. Myology (4 hours)

Practical lessons of microscopic anatomy of the circulatory, respiratory and integumentary systems are held together with those of the Systematic and Comparative Veterinary Anatomy 2 (second semester).
Teaching methods
The course is divided into two semesters and consists of theoretical and practical lessons in macroscopic and microscopic anatomy. Lectures are held in the classroom with the help of PowerPoint presentations. Students are invited to actively participate in the lesson, based on the knowledge acquired in the preparatory subjects. The slides are available on the teacher's Ariel website.
The practical lessons in macroscopic anatomy are held in the "osteoteca" and in the dissection room. The practical lessons in microscopic anatomy take place in the didactic microscopy laboratories and are merged with those of Module 2. Each student works independently, individually, and/or in groups (maximum 6 students per group), supervised by tutors, with the help of the reference text books.
During the practical lessons, questions will be asked in order to verify the properties of language and the ability to practically apply the acquired knowledge
Teaching Resources
Recommended Textbooks: Macroscopic anatomy
-Dyce KM, Sack WO, Wensing CJG: Anatomia Veterinaria, Antonio Delfino Editore, Roma, 2009;
-Koning- Liebich: Anatomia dei Mammiferi Domestici. Piccin Editore, 2016;
-Miller's Anatomy of the Dog, 4e , H.E. Evans and A. de Lahunta , Elsevir, 2013;
-Schaller O: Nomenclatura Anatomica Veterinaria Illustrata, Antonio Delfino Editore, 1999;
-Popesko P: Atlante di Anatomia Topografica degli Animali Domestici, ed Grasso e Edimediche, 1997;

Recommended Textbooks: Embryology and Organogenesis
-Pelagalli G, Castaldo L, Lucini C, Patruno M, Scocco P: Embriologia. Morfogenesi e anomalie dello sviluppo. Idelson Gnocchi Editore, 2009;
-Noden DM, De Lahunta A: Embriologia degli animali domestici, Edi-Ermes, 1991;

Recommended Textbooks: Microscopic Anatomy
-Liebich: Istologia e Anatomia microscopica dei mammiferi domestici e degli uccelli, Piccin, 2012;
-Dellmann HD, Eurell JA: Istologia e Anatomia microscopica veterinaria. Casa editrice ambrosiana, Milano, 2000;
-WilliamJ., Bacha, JR, Bach M. Atlante di Istologia Veterinaria, Piccin ED, 2022.


Slides of the lectures: sito Ariel http://smodinaavsc.ariel.ctu.unimi.it/v3/home/Default.aspx
Systematic and Comparative Veterinary Anatomy 2
Course syllabus
The module, which takes place during the second semester, provides 32 hours of frontal teaching and 16 hours of practical lessons, which have the specific objective of providing exhaustive knowledge of the macroscopic and microscopic anatomy of the digestive and urogenital systems in species of veterinary interest. The topics will be treated in a systematic and comparative way. The description of each apparatus is preceded by the description of its organogenesis.

A) Frontal lessons
1. Introduction to the course, introduction to organogenesis (2 hours)
2. Cephalic intestine: oral cavity and pharynx (5 hours)
3. Anterior intestine: esophagus and stomach (5 hours)
4. Medium intestine (small and large intestine), rectum and anal canal (4 hours)
5. Glands attached to the digestive system: liver and pancreas (2 hours)
6. Urinary system (4 hours)
7. Female genital system (4 hours)8. Male genital system (4 hours)

B) Practical lessons (16 hours)
Macroscopic anatomy:1. Digestive system (4 hours)2. Female and male urogenital system (2 hours)3. Cardio-circulatory, respiratory and tegumentary systems (2 hours)Microscopic anatomy4. Digestive system (4 hours)5. Female and male urogenital system (2 hours)6. Cardio-circulatory, respiratory and tegumentary systems (2 hours)
Teaching methods
The course consists of frontal and practical lessons on macroscopic and microscopic anatomy. The lectures are held in the classroom with the help of PowerPoint presentations. Students are invited to actively participate in the lesson, based on the knowledge acquired in the preparatory subjects. The slides are available on the teacher's Ariel website.
The practical lessons in macroscopic anatomy are held in the dissection room. The practical lessons in microscopic anatomy take place in the didactic microscopy laboratories on histological samples. Each student works independently, individually, and/or in groups (maximum 6 students per group), supervised by tutors, with the help of the reference text books. During the practical lessons, questions will be asked in order to verify the properties of language and the ability to practically apply the acquired knowledge.
Teaching Resources
Recommended Textbooks: macroscopic anatomy
-Dyce KM, Sack WO, Wensing CJG: Anatomia Veterinaria, Antonio Delfino Editore, Roma, 2009;
-Koning- Liebich: Anatomia dei Mammiferi Domestici. Piccin Editore, 2006;
-Pelagalli G, Botte V: Anatomia Veterinaria Sistematica e Comparata, I vol., III ed., Edi-Ermes, 1999;
-Miller's Anatomy of the Dog, 4e , H.E. Evans and A. de Lahunta , Elsevir, 2013;
-Schaller O: Nomenclatura Anatomica Veterinaria Illustrata, Antonio Delfino Editore, 1999;
-Popesko P: Atlante di Anatomia Topografica degli Animali Domestici, ed Grasso e Edimediche, 1997;

Recommended Textbooks: embryology and organogenesis
-Pelagalli G, Castaldo L, Lucini C, Patruno M, Scocco P: Embriologia. Morfogenesi e anomalie dello sviluppo. Idelson Gnocchi Editore, 2009;
-Noden DM, De Lahunta A: Embriologia degli animali domestici, Edi-Ermes, 1991;

Recommended Textbooks: microscopic anatomy
-Liebich: Istologia e Anatomia microscopica dei mammiferi domestici e degli uccelli, Piccin, 2012;
-Dellmann HD, Eurell JA: Istologia e Anatomia microscopica veterinaria. Casa editrice ambrosiana, Milano, 2000;

Slides of the lectures: sito Ariel http://smodinaavsc.ariel.ctu.unimi.it/v3/home/Default.aspx
Systematic and Comparative Veterinary Anatomy 1
VET/01 - VETERINARY ANATOMY - University credits: 6
Practicals: 16 hours
Lessons: 40 hours
Shifts:
1 TURNO PER UN GRUPPO DI STUDENTI
Professor: Modina Silvia Clotilde Bianca
2 TURNO PER UN GRUPPO DI STUDENTI
Professor: Di Giancamillo Alessia
3 TURNO PER UN GRUPPO DI STUDENTI
Professor: Pocar Paola
Systematic and Comparative Veterinary Anatomy 2
VET/01 - VETERINARY ANATOMY - University credits: 5
Practicals: 16 hours
Lessons: 32 hours
Shifts:
1 TURNO PER UN GRUPPO DI STUDENTI
Professor: Matela Da Silva Aidos Maria Lucia
2 TURNO UNICO PER UN GRUPPO DI STUDENTI
Professor: Di Giancamillo Alessia
3 TURNO PER UN GRUPPO DI STUDENTI
Professor: Pocar Paola
Professor(s)
Reception:
By appointment
Lodi - Via dell'Università 6 - 26900 - Lodi (LO)
Reception:
By appointment., Monday-Friday
Lodi, Via dell'Università, 6, studio 3085