Physiology and Pathology
A.Y. 2024/2025
Learning objectives
The course aims at providing students with the basics of:
- the modalities of the functioning of human cells organized in tissues and organs, and the main pathogenetic and pathophysiological mechanisms at cell, tissue, organ and apparatus level;
- the main functional findings in healthy humans;
- the basic concepts concerning cellular adaptation processes and defense mechanisms activated by the body, including inflammation, tissue repair and immune response;
- the basic aspects of neoplastic transformation;
- the main pathogenic microorganisms and their mechanisms of action.
- the modalities of the functioning of human cells organized in tissues and organs, and the main pathogenetic and pathophysiological mechanisms at cell, tissue, organ and apparatus level;
- the main functional findings in healthy humans;
- the basic concepts concerning cellular adaptation processes and defense mechanisms activated by the body, including inflammation, tissue repair and immune response;
- the basic aspects of neoplastic transformation;
- the main pathogenic microorganisms and their mechanisms of action.
Expected learning outcomes
By the end of the course the student must be able to:
- know the general characteristics of human physiology and the main associated diseases;
- have a general picture of the causes and etiopathogenetic mechanisms of diseases;
- know the basic characteristics of the immune response and its alterations.
- know the general characteristics of human physiology and the main associated diseases;
- have a general picture of the causes and etiopathogenetic mechanisms of diseases;
- know the basic characteristics of the immune response and its alterations.
Lesson period: year
Assessment methods: Esame
Assessment result: voto verbalizzato in trentesimi
Single course
This course can be attended as a single course.
Course syllabus and organization
Single session
Prerequisites for admission
No prior knowledge is required
Assessment methods and Criteria
The exam consists in a written test with multiple-choice questions on the topics covered by the program.
No intermediate tests are planned.
No intermediate tests are planned.
Physiology
Course syllabus
Excitable cell physiology and biological membranes. Resting potential and action potential. Depolarization of the membranes and signal transmission, synaptic phenomenon. Neuromuscular physiology. Posture, gait, equilibrium, movement, and motori control.
Basic physiology of the different human organs (cardiovascular, respiratory, renal systems)
Reciprocal organ influences.
Homeostatic and integrative controls at rest and in response to physical exercise.
Basic physiology of the different human organs (cardiovascular, respiratory, renal systems)
Reciprocal organ influences.
Homeostatic and integrative controls at rest and in response to physical exercise.
Teaching methods
Frontal lessons. The slides presented during the lessons can be found on the Ariel platform from the beginning of the course.
Teaching Resources
- Attività fisica. Fisiologia, adattamenti all'esercizio, prevenzione, sport-terapia e nutrizione. A cura di Giuseppe D'Antona. Casa Editrice Poletto. Ed. 2019.
- Fisiologia dell'esercizio. L'essenziale. William D. McArdle, Frank I. Katch, Victor L. Katch. Casa Editrice Piccin. Ed. 2019.
- Fisiologia dell'esercizio. L'essenziale. William D. McArdle, Frank I. Katch, Victor L. Katch. Casa Editrice Piccin. Ed. 2019.
Experimental medicine and pathophysiology
Course syllabus
Introduction. Definition of etiology, pathogenesis, disease.
Cellular pathology. Reversible / irreversible damage; apoptosis / necrosis; atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia.
First line of defense. Physical and physiological barriers
Immune response. Humoral and cell-mediated immune response; immunodeficiencies, hypersensitivity reactions, autoimmunity.
Inflammation. Acute inflammation: vascular changes, cellular events, mediators; chronic inflammation; systemic responses to inflammation.
Tissue repair. Wound healing, regeneration.
Oncology. Epidemiology and classification of tumors; tumor cell characteristics; molecular basis of tumors, oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes; metastases.
Cellular pathology. Reversible / irreversible damage; apoptosis / necrosis; atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia.
First line of defense. Physical and physiological barriers
Immune response. Humoral and cell-mediated immune response; immunodeficiencies, hypersensitivity reactions, autoimmunity.
Inflammation. Acute inflammation: vascular changes, cellular events, mediators; chronic inflammation; systemic responses to inflammation.
Tissue repair. Wound healing, regeneration.
Oncology. Epidemiology and classification of tumors; tumor cell characteristics; molecular basis of tumors, oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes; metastases.
Teaching methods
Frontal lessons. The slides presented during the lessons can be found on the Ariel platform.
Teaching Resources
G.M. PONTIERI: Elementi di patologia generale. IV edizione - Piccin Editore
E. RUBIN, H.M. REISNER: Patologia generale.- Piccin Editore
Robbins e Cotran: Le basi patologiche delle malattie - Elsevier Editore
E. RUBIN, H.M. REISNER: Patologia generale.- Piccin Editore
Robbins e Cotran: Le basi patologiche delle malattie - Elsevier Editore
Pathology
Course syllabus
Role of pathology in the clinical management of the patient
Pathology report interpretation
Atherosclerosis and complications
Non-neoplastic pathology of nervous system and soft tissues
Neoplastic pathology
Pathology report interpretation
Atherosclerosis and complications
Non-neoplastic pathology of nervous system and soft tissues
Neoplastic pathology
Teaching methods
Frontal lessons assisted by visual tools
Teaching Resources
Robbins, Cotran- Le basi patologiche delle malattie- Elsevier Ed
Microbiology and clinical microbiology
Course syllabus
- General characteristics of bacteria (prokaryotic cell, bacterial pathogenicity)
- General characteristics of animal viruses (structure and classification, replication cycle, viral pathogenic action)
- General characteristics of fungi (structure of the fungal cell)
- General characteristics of parasites
- Relevant pathogenic microorganisms (Stafilococci, Streptococci, Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Legionella pneumophila, Mycobacteria, Neisseriae, Orthomyxovirus, Hepatitis viruses, Retrovirus, Herpesviruses, Candida spp. Plasmodia, Toxoplasma gondii)
- General characteristics of animal viruses (structure and classification, replication cycle, viral pathogenic action)
- General characteristics of fungi (structure of the fungal cell)
- General characteristics of parasites
- Relevant pathogenic microorganisms (Stafilococci, Streptococci, Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Legionella pneumophila, Mycobacteria, Neisseriae, Orthomyxovirus, Hepatitis viruses, Retrovirus, Herpesviruses, Candida spp. Plasmodia, Toxoplasma gondii)
Teaching methods
The program will be carried out through lectures with the help of teaching material (slides and / or videos)
Teaching Resources
1. Patrick R. Murray, Ken S. Rosenthal, Michael A. Pfaller: Microbiologia Medica, Edra Masson, Milano
2. Microbiologia Clinica. IV edizione.E Lanciotti. Casa Editrice Ambrosiana.
2. Microbiologia Clinica. IV edizione.E Lanciotti. Casa Editrice Ambrosiana.
Experimental medicine and pathophysiology
MED/04 - EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - University credits: 2
Lessons: 20 hours
Professors:
Chiaramonte Raffaella, Malabarba Maria Grazia
Shifts:
Don Gnocchi e San Carlo
Professor:
Malabarba Maria GraziaSan Paolo
Professor:
Chiaramonte Raffaella
Microbiology and clinical microbiology
MED/07 - MICROBIOLOGY AND CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY - University credits: 1
Lessons: 10 hours
Professors:
Guerini Rocco Elena, Pruneri Giancarlo
Shifts:
San Carlo
Professor:
Pruneri GiancarloSan Paolo e Don Gnocchi
Professor:
Guerini Rocco Elena
Pathology
MED/08 - PATHOLOGY - University credits: 1
Lessons: 10 hours
Professor:
Borghi Elisa
Physiology
BIO/09 - PHYSIOLOGY - University credits: 4
Lessons: 40 hours
Professor:
Esposito Fabio
Professor(s)
Reception:
by appointment
San Paolo Hospital, blocco C, 8th floor, room 813
Reception:
By appointment
Via Giuseppe Colombo 71, (Building #2) - 20133 Milano or online (MS Teams)