Pharmacology
A.Y. 2024/2025
Learning objectives
The course aims to offer students a broad overview of the principles of General Pharmacology, including the issue of polytherapy and drug interaction, and a thorough exposition of Clinical Pharmacology. Principal aims of this course are that students: i) acquire up-to-date knowledge on drugs, ii) learn relevance of the correct use of drugs in the context of therapeutic approaches to different disorders; iii) acquire the tools for future updating their knowledge in the field.
Expected learning outcomes
Students will acquire adequate tools to understand the relevant parameters of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics and the methods of their correct use in patient management. Students will learn names, mechanisms of action, therapeutic indications, contraindications, side effects, and appropriate administration procedures of the main drugs.
Lesson period: year
Assessment methods: Esame
Assessment result: voto verbalizzato in trentesimi
Single course
This course cannot be attended as a single course. Please check our list of single courses to find the ones available for enrolment.
Course syllabus and organization
Linea Policlinico
Course syllabus
The teaching program includes the presentation and discussion of the following topics:
General pharmacology
· concept of a drug as a substance capable of modifying the biological functions of the organism for curative, prophylactic or diagnostic purposes
· clinical trials of drugs and pharmacovigilance
· critical aspects of "alternative" therapies
· mechanisms that regulate the absorption of drugs in relation to the different routes of administration
· distribution mechanisms of drugs in the body and their binding to plasma proteins
· biotransformation processes and their clinical importance
· drug excretion mechanisms
· definition of the volume of distribution, half-life, clearance and steady-state plasma concentration of a drug; practical examples of the application of these pharmacokinetic parameters in simulations of clinical conditions
· molecular targets and cascade of events through which a drug produces a response at the cellular level
· various types of drug-receptor interaction (full and partial agonists, inverse agonists, biased agonists, antagonists, orthosteric and allosteric interaction) and possible alterations of the receptor response during prolonged treatments or in particular pathological conditions (concepts of desensitization and receptor downregulation)
· efficacy and potency of drugs based on their dose-response curves
· selectivity, specificity and toxicity of drugs
· therapeutic index
· variability in response to drugs in relation to pathologies, concomitant therapies, genetic profile, gender
Special pharmacology
· drugs that modulate the synthesis, storage, release, catabolism and interaction with the receptors of the main neurotransmitters and autacoids
· drugs active on the ortho-and parasympathetic system
· drugs for the treatment of obesity, metabolic syndrome and eating disorders
drugs for the treatment of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) and preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF)
·drugs for the treatment of arterial hypertension
anticoagulant drugs (including heparin and its derivatives; coumarin anticoagulants; direct oral anticoagulants)
antiplatelet drugs that attenuate platelet activation or platelet aggregation (glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors)
fibrinolytic drugs that degrade fibrin and fibrinolysis inhibitors
drugs for the treatment of dyslipidemia, including statins, bile acid binding resins, fibric acid derivatives, cholesterol absorption inhibitors, omega-3, PCSK9 inhibitors, bempedoic acid
· drugs for different types of angina
· antiarrhythmic drugs
drugs that affect renal function, including carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, osmotic diuretics, loop diuretics, thiazide diuretics, K+-sparing diuretics, aldosterone antagonists, natriuretic peptide analogues and inhibitors of neprilysin, vasopressin receptor agonists and antagonists (outline)
drugs for the treatment of gastric hypersecretion, peptic ulcer and gastroesophageal reflux including proton pump inhibitors, histamine 2 receptor antagonists, mucosal protective agents
drugs for the treatment of diseases of gastrointestinal motility and fluid flow (prokinetics, laxatives, antidiarrheals)
· anti-nausea and anti-emetic drugs
Steroidal and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
· drugs for the treatment of bronchial asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
drugs that modulate neuronal transmission
· drugs for the treatment of depression and anxiety, including monoamine oxidase inhibitors, tricyclics, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (NARIs) and dual inhibitors (SNRIs), receptor blockers, multimodals and l ' esketamine
· medications for bipolar disorder
· drugs for anxiety disorders and possible use as sedative-hypnotic drugs
· antiepileptic drugs
· drugs used for neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease (including L-DOPA and dopadecarboxylase inhibitors, dopaminergic agonists, enzyme inhibitors, anticholinergics, amantadine); Alzheimer's disease (acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, memantine, potential disease-modifying drugs); Huntington's disease, ALS and multiple sclerosis; centrally acting and direct acting muscle relaxant drugs.
· drugs for the treatment of acute and chronic pain, including opiates and cannabinoids
· anesthetic drugs (outline)
· substances of abuse (including the mechanisms of development of addiction to substances of abuse and drugs) and notes on the treatment of addiction
· drugs for the treatment of diabetes mellitus, including different formulations of insulin, oral anti-diabetics (biguanides) and alpha-glucosidase inhibitors; DPP-4 inhibitors; sulfonylurea and non-sulfonylurea insulin secretagogues; thiazolidinediones; SGLT2 inhibitors); GLP-1 analogues; the amylin analogue
drugs for the treatment of hypoglycemia (glucagon)
drugs for the treatment of osteoporosis (bisphosphonates and denosumab)
drugs that modulate the reproductive system (estrogens, progestins) and selection criteria for contraception and hormone replacement therapy in menopause
Chemotherapy
· criteria for choosing and appropriate use of antibiotic-chemotherapeutic agents in relation to the pathogen and the type of patient
antibacterial drugs, including sulfonamides, β-lactams, aminoglycosides, macrolides, lincosamides, tetracyclines, chloramphenicol
· urinary tract disinfectants
· antituberculosis drugs
· antifungal, antiprotozoal and antiparasitic drugs
· basics of antiviral chemotherapy and main antiviral drugs
· the different classes of anticancer drugs and their mechanisms of action and resistance
· biological drugs (monoclonals, recombinant proteins, decoys)
·medicines for advanced therapies (outline)
· immunosuppressive and immunomodulatory drugs
· pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics: the genetic basis of individual response to drugs
·Gender-specific pharmacology
·drug interactions
General pharmacology
· concept of a drug as a substance capable of modifying the biological functions of the organism for curative, prophylactic or diagnostic purposes
· clinical trials of drugs and pharmacovigilance
· critical aspects of "alternative" therapies
· mechanisms that regulate the absorption of drugs in relation to the different routes of administration
· distribution mechanisms of drugs in the body and their binding to plasma proteins
· biotransformation processes and their clinical importance
· drug excretion mechanisms
· definition of the volume of distribution, half-life, clearance and steady-state plasma concentration of a drug; practical examples of the application of these pharmacokinetic parameters in simulations of clinical conditions
· molecular targets and cascade of events through which a drug produces a response at the cellular level
· various types of drug-receptor interaction (full and partial agonists, inverse agonists, biased agonists, antagonists, orthosteric and allosteric interaction) and possible alterations of the receptor response during prolonged treatments or in particular pathological conditions (concepts of desensitization and receptor downregulation)
· efficacy and potency of drugs based on their dose-response curves
· selectivity, specificity and toxicity of drugs
· therapeutic index
· variability in response to drugs in relation to pathologies, concomitant therapies, genetic profile, gender
Special pharmacology
· drugs that modulate the synthesis, storage, release, catabolism and interaction with the receptors of the main neurotransmitters and autacoids
· drugs active on the ortho-and parasympathetic system
· drugs for the treatment of obesity, metabolic syndrome and eating disorders
drugs for the treatment of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) and preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF)
·drugs for the treatment of arterial hypertension
anticoagulant drugs (including heparin and its derivatives; coumarin anticoagulants; direct oral anticoagulants)
antiplatelet drugs that attenuate platelet activation or platelet aggregation (glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors)
fibrinolytic drugs that degrade fibrin and fibrinolysis inhibitors
drugs for the treatment of dyslipidemia, including statins, bile acid binding resins, fibric acid derivatives, cholesterol absorption inhibitors, omega-3, PCSK9 inhibitors, bempedoic acid
· drugs for different types of angina
· antiarrhythmic drugs
drugs that affect renal function, including carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, osmotic diuretics, loop diuretics, thiazide diuretics, K+-sparing diuretics, aldosterone antagonists, natriuretic peptide analogues and inhibitors of neprilysin, vasopressin receptor agonists and antagonists (outline)
drugs for the treatment of gastric hypersecretion, peptic ulcer and gastroesophageal reflux including proton pump inhibitors, histamine 2 receptor antagonists, mucosal protective agents
drugs for the treatment of diseases of gastrointestinal motility and fluid flow (prokinetics, laxatives, antidiarrheals)
· anti-nausea and anti-emetic drugs
Steroidal and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
· drugs for the treatment of bronchial asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
drugs that modulate neuronal transmission
· drugs for the treatment of depression and anxiety, including monoamine oxidase inhibitors, tricyclics, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (NARIs) and dual inhibitors (SNRIs), receptor blockers, multimodals and l ' esketamine
· medications for bipolar disorder
· drugs for anxiety disorders and possible use as sedative-hypnotic drugs
· antiepileptic drugs
· drugs used for neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease (including L-DOPA and dopadecarboxylase inhibitors, dopaminergic agonists, enzyme inhibitors, anticholinergics, amantadine); Alzheimer's disease (acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, memantine, potential disease-modifying drugs); Huntington's disease, ALS and multiple sclerosis; centrally acting and direct acting muscle relaxant drugs.
· drugs for the treatment of acute and chronic pain, including opiates and cannabinoids
· anesthetic drugs (outline)
· substances of abuse (including the mechanisms of development of addiction to substances of abuse and drugs) and notes on the treatment of addiction
· drugs for the treatment of diabetes mellitus, including different formulations of insulin, oral anti-diabetics (biguanides) and alpha-glucosidase inhibitors; DPP-4 inhibitors; sulfonylurea and non-sulfonylurea insulin secretagogues; thiazolidinediones; SGLT2 inhibitors); GLP-1 analogues; the amylin analogue
drugs for the treatment of hypoglycemia (glucagon)
drugs for the treatment of osteoporosis (bisphosphonates and denosumab)
drugs that modulate the reproductive system (estrogens, progestins) and selection criteria for contraception and hormone replacement therapy in menopause
Chemotherapy
· criteria for choosing and appropriate use of antibiotic-chemotherapeutic agents in relation to the pathogen and the type of patient
antibacterial drugs, including sulfonamides, β-lactams, aminoglycosides, macrolides, lincosamides, tetracyclines, chloramphenicol
· urinary tract disinfectants
· antituberculosis drugs
· antifungal, antiprotozoal and antiparasitic drugs
· basics of antiviral chemotherapy and main antiviral drugs
· the different classes of anticancer drugs and their mechanisms of action and resistance
· biological drugs (monoclonals, recombinant proteins, decoys)
·medicines for advanced therapies (outline)
· immunosuppressive and immunomodulatory drugs
· pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics: the genetic basis of individual response to drugs
·Gender-specific pharmacology
·drug interactions
Prerequisites for admission
Preliminary knowledge of biology, human anatomy, biochemistry, physiology, pathophysiology, general pathology and microbiology is required
Teaching methods
Professors disseminate instruction through traditional frontal teaching, non-formal teaching, and innovative teaching methods.
Teaching Resources
Goodman & Gilmans's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. Laurence L. Brunton, Bjorn C. Knollmann XIV edition McGraw Hill
Katzung's Basic & Clinical Pharmacology Todd W.Vanderah XVI Edition McGraw Hill
Principles of Pharmacology-The Pathophysiologic Basis of Drug Therapy David E. Golan, Ehrin J. Armstrong, April W. Armstrong IV Edition Wolters Kluwer
Farmacologia Generale e Molecolare Francesco Clementi, Guido Fumagalli V edizione EDRA
Farmacologia Stefano Govoni et.al. II edizione Casa Editrice Ambrosiana. Distribuzione esclusiva Zanichelli 2023
Katzung's Basic & Clinical Pharmacology Todd W.Vanderah XVI Edition McGraw Hill
Principles of Pharmacology-The Pathophysiologic Basis of Drug Therapy David E. Golan, Ehrin J. Armstrong, April W. Armstrong IV Edition Wolters Kluwer
Farmacologia Generale e Molecolare Francesco Clementi, Guido Fumagalli V edizione EDRA
Farmacologia Stefano Govoni et.al. II edizione Casa Editrice Ambrosiana. Distribuzione esclusiva Zanichelli 2023
Assessment methods and Criteria
The evaluation will be expressed out of thirty. Verification of learning will be carried out through an oral test. In particular, the candidate will carry out individual oral tests with each of the members of the commission present. The oral tests will focus on pharmacology topics contained in the program present in this Syllabus. The final evaluation is made globally by the commission, not necessarily based on the average of the individual evaluations
BIO/14 - PHARMACOLOGY - University credits: 10
Informal teaching: 16 hours
Lessons: 96 hours
: 12 hours
Lessons: 96 hours
: 12 hours
Professors:
Cella Silvano Gabriele, De Palma Clara, Nisoli Enzo, Rigamonti Antonello Emilio, Ruocco Chiara
Shifts:
Gruppo 1
Professor:
Nisoli EnzoTurno
Professors:
Cella Silvano Gabriele, De Palma Clara, Nisoli Enzo, Rigamonti Antonello Emilio, Ruocco ChiaraLinea San Donato
Course syllabus
The teaching program includes the presentation and discussion of the following topics:
General pharmacology
· concept of a drug as a substance capable of modifying the biological functions of the organism for curative, prophylactic or diagnostic purposes
· clinical trials of drugs and pharmacovigilance
· critical aspects of "alternative" therapies
· mechanisms that regulate the absorption of drugs in relation to the different routes of administration
· distribution mechanisms of drugs in the body and their binding to plasma proteins
· biotransformation processes and their clinical importance
· drug excretion mechanisms
· definition of the volume of distribution, half-life, clearance and steady-state plasma concentration of a drug; practical examples of the application of these pharmacokinetic parameters in simulations of clinical conditions
· molecular targets and cascade of events through which a drug produces a response at the cellular level
· various types of drug-receptor interaction (full and partial agonists, inverse agonists, biased agonists, antagonists, orthosteric and allosteric interaction) and possible alterations of the receptor response during prolonged treatments or in particular pathological conditions (concepts of desensitization and receptor downregulation)
· efficacy and potency of drugs based on their dose-response curves
· selectivity, specificity and toxicity of drugs
· therapeutic index
· variability in response to drugs in relation to pathologies, concomitant therapies, genetic profile, gender
Special pharmacology
· drugs that modulate the synthesis, storage, release, catabolism and interaction with the receptors of the main neurotransmitters and autacoids
· drugs active on the ortho-and parasympathetic system
· drugs for the treatment of obesity, metabolic syndrome and eating disorders
drugs for the treatment of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) and preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF)
·drugs for the treatment of arterial hypertension
anticoagulant drugs (including heparin and its derivatives; coumarin anticoagulants; direct oral anticoagulants)
antiplatelet drugs that attenuate platelet activation or platelet aggregation (glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors)
fibrinolytic drugs that degrade fibrin and fibrinolysis inhibitors
drugs for the treatment of dyslipidemia, including statins, bile acid binding resins, fibric acid derivatives, cholesterol absorption inhibitors, omega-3, PCSK9 inhibitors, bempedoic acid
· drugs for different types of angina
· antiarrhythmic drugs
drugs that affect renal function, including carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, osmotic diuretics, loop diuretics, thiazide diuretics, K+-sparing diuretics, aldosterone antagonists, natriuretic peptide analogues and inhibitors of neprilysin, vasopressin receptor agonists and antagonists (outline)
drugs for the treatment of gastric hypersecretion, peptic ulcer and gastroesophageal reflux including proton pump inhibitors, histamine 2 receptor antagonists, mucosal protective agents
drugs for the treatment of diseases of gastrointestinal motility and fluid flow (prokinetics, laxatives, antidiarrheals)
· anti-nausea and anti-emetic drugs
Steroidal and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
· drugs for the treatment of bronchial asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
drugs that modulate neuronal transmission
· drugs for the treatment of depression and anxiety, including monoamine oxidase inhibitors, tricyclics, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (NARIs) and dual inhibitors (SNRIs), receptor blockers, multimodals and l ' esketamine
· medications for bipolar disorder
· drugs for anxiety disorders and possible use as sedative-hypnotic drugs
· antiepileptic drugs
· drugs used for neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease (including L-DOPA and dopadecarboxylase inhibitors, dopaminergic agonists, enzyme inhibitors, anticholinergics, amantadine); Alzheimer's disease (acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, memantine, potential disease-modifying drugs); Huntington's disease, ALS and multiple sclerosis; centrally acting and direct acting muscle relaxant drugs.
· drugs for the treatment of acute and chronic pain, including opiates and cannabinoids
· anesthetic drugs (outline)
· substances of abuse (including the mechanisms of development of addiction to substances of abuse and drugs) and notes on the treatment of addiction
· drugs for the treatment of diabetes mellitus, including different formulations of insulin, oral anti-diabetics (biguanides) and alpha-glucosidase inhibitors; DPP-4 inhibitors; sulfonylurea and non-sulfonylurea insulin secretagogues; thiazolidinediones; SGLT2 inhibitors); GLP-1 analogues; the amylin analogue
drugs for the treatment of hypoglycemia (glucagon)
drugs for the treatment of osteoporosis (bisphosphonates and denosumab)
drugs that modulate the reproductive system (estrogens, progestins) and selection criteria for contraception and hormone replacement therapy in menopause
Chemotherapy
· criteria for choosing and appropriate use of antibiotic-chemotherapeutic agents in relation to the pathogen and the type of patient
antibacterial drugs, including sulfonamides, β-lactams, aminoglycosides, macrolides, lincosamides, tetracyclines, chloramphenicol
· urinary tract disinfectants
· antituberculosis drugs
· antifungal, antiprotozoal and antiparasitic drugs
· basics of antiviral chemotherapy and main antiviral drugs
· the different classes of anticancer drugs and their mechanisms of action and resistance
· biological drugs (monoclonals, recombinant proteins, decoys)
·medicines for advanced therapies (outline)
· immunosuppressive and immunomodulatory drugs
· pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics: the genetic basis of individual response to drugs
·Gender-specific pharmacology
·drug interactions
General pharmacology
· concept of a drug as a substance capable of modifying the biological functions of the organism for curative, prophylactic or diagnostic purposes
· clinical trials of drugs and pharmacovigilance
· critical aspects of "alternative" therapies
· mechanisms that regulate the absorption of drugs in relation to the different routes of administration
· distribution mechanisms of drugs in the body and their binding to plasma proteins
· biotransformation processes and their clinical importance
· drug excretion mechanisms
· definition of the volume of distribution, half-life, clearance and steady-state plasma concentration of a drug; practical examples of the application of these pharmacokinetic parameters in simulations of clinical conditions
· molecular targets and cascade of events through which a drug produces a response at the cellular level
· various types of drug-receptor interaction (full and partial agonists, inverse agonists, biased agonists, antagonists, orthosteric and allosteric interaction) and possible alterations of the receptor response during prolonged treatments or in particular pathological conditions (concepts of desensitization and receptor downregulation)
· efficacy and potency of drugs based on their dose-response curves
· selectivity, specificity and toxicity of drugs
· therapeutic index
· variability in response to drugs in relation to pathologies, concomitant therapies, genetic profile, gender
Special pharmacology
· drugs that modulate the synthesis, storage, release, catabolism and interaction with the receptors of the main neurotransmitters and autacoids
· drugs active on the ortho-and parasympathetic system
· drugs for the treatment of obesity, metabolic syndrome and eating disorders
drugs for the treatment of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) and preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF)
·drugs for the treatment of arterial hypertension
anticoagulant drugs (including heparin and its derivatives; coumarin anticoagulants; direct oral anticoagulants)
antiplatelet drugs that attenuate platelet activation or platelet aggregation (glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors)
fibrinolytic drugs that degrade fibrin and fibrinolysis inhibitors
drugs for the treatment of dyslipidemia, including statins, bile acid binding resins, fibric acid derivatives, cholesterol absorption inhibitors, omega-3, PCSK9 inhibitors, bempedoic acid
· drugs for different types of angina
· antiarrhythmic drugs
drugs that affect renal function, including carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, osmotic diuretics, loop diuretics, thiazide diuretics, K+-sparing diuretics, aldosterone antagonists, natriuretic peptide analogues and inhibitors of neprilysin, vasopressin receptor agonists and antagonists (outline)
drugs for the treatment of gastric hypersecretion, peptic ulcer and gastroesophageal reflux including proton pump inhibitors, histamine 2 receptor antagonists, mucosal protective agents
drugs for the treatment of diseases of gastrointestinal motility and fluid flow (prokinetics, laxatives, antidiarrheals)
· anti-nausea and anti-emetic drugs
Steroidal and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
· drugs for the treatment of bronchial asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
drugs that modulate neuronal transmission
· drugs for the treatment of depression and anxiety, including monoamine oxidase inhibitors, tricyclics, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (NARIs) and dual inhibitors (SNRIs), receptor blockers, multimodals and l ' esketamine
· medications for bipolar disorder
· drugs for anxiety disorders and possible use as sedative-hypnotic drugs
· antiepileptic drugs
· drugs used for neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease (including L-DOPA and dopadecarboxylase inhibitors, dopaminergic agonists, enzyme inhibitors, anticholinergics, amantadine); Alzheimer's disease (acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, memantine, potential disease-modifying drugs); Huntington's disease, ALS and multiple sclerosis; centrally acting and direct acting muscle relaxant drugs.
· drugs for the treatment of acute and chronic pain, including opiates and cannabinoids
· anesthetic drugs (outline)
· substances of abuse (including the mechanisms of development of addiction to substances of abuse and drugs) and notes on the treatment of addiction
· drugs for the treatment of diabetes mellitus, including different formulations of insulin, oral anti-diabetics (biguanides) and alpha-glucosidase inhibitors; DPP-4 inhibitors; sulfonylurea and non-sulfonylurea insulin secretagogues; thiazolidinediones; SGLT2 inhibitors); GLP-1 analogues; the amylin analogue
drugs for the treatment of hypoglycemia (glucagon)
drugs for the treatment of osteoporosis (bisphosphonates and denosumab)
drugs that modulate the reproductive system (estrogens, progestins) and selection criteria for contraception and hormone replacement therapy in menopause
Chemotherapy
· criteria for choosing and appropriate use of antibiotic-chemotherapeutic agents in relation to the pathogen and the type of patient
antibacterial drugs, including sulfonamides, β-lactams, aminoglycosides, macrolides, lincosamides, tetracyclines, chloramphenicol
· urinary tract disinfectants
· antituberculosis drugs
· antifungal, antiprotozoal and antiparasitic drugs
· basics of antiviral chemotherapy and main antiviral drugs
· the different classes of anticancer drugs and their mechanisms of action and resistance
· biological drugs (monoclonals, recombinant proteins, decoys)
·medicines for advanced therapies (outline)
· immunosuppressive and immunomodulatory drugs
· pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics: the genetic basis of individual response to drugs
·Gender-specific pharmacology
·drug interactions
Prerequisites for admission
Preliminary knowledge of biology, human anatomy, biochemistry, physiology, pathophysiology, general pathology and microbiology is required
Teaching methods
La didattica si articolerà in:
64 ore didattica frontale
32 ore didattica non formale
32 ore didattica innovativa
64 ore didattica frontale
32 ore didattica non formale
32 ore didattica innovativa
Teaching Resources
Goodman & Gilmans's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. Laurence L. Brunton, Bjorn C. Knollmann XIV edition McGraw Hill
Katzung's Basic & Clinical Pharmacology Todd W.Vanderah XVI Edition McGraw Hill
Principles of Pharmacology-The Pathophysiologic Basis of Drug Therapy David E. Golan, Ehrin J. Armstrong, April W. Armstrong IV Edition Wolters Kluwer
Farmacologia Generale e Molecolare Francesco Clementi, Guido Fumagalli V edizione EDRA
Farmacologia Stefano Govoni et.al. II edizione Casa Editrice Ambrosiana. Distribuzione esclusiva Zanichelli 2023
Katzung's Basic & Clinical Pharmacology Todd W.Vanderah XVI Edition McGraw Hill
Principles of Pharmacology-The Pathophysiologic Basis of Drug Therapy David E. Golan, Ehrin J. Armstrong, April W. Armstrong IV Edition Wolters Kluwer
Farmacologia Generale e Molecolare Francesco Clementi, Guido Fumagalli V edizione EDRA
Farmacologia Stefano Govoni et.al. II edizione Casa Editrice Ambrosiana. Distribuzione esclusiva Zanichelli 2023
Assessment methods and Criteria
The evaluation will be expressed out of thirty. Verification of learning will be carried out through an oral test. In particular, the candidate will carry out individual oral tests with each of the members of the commission present. The oral tests will focus on pharmacology topics contained in the program present in this Syllabus. The final evaluation is made globally by the commission, not necessarily based on the average of the individual evaluations
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BIO/14 - PHARMACOLOGY - University credits: 10
Informal teaching: 16 hours
Lessons: 96 hours
: 12 hours
Lessons: 96 hours
: 12 hours
Shifts:
Linea San Giuseppe
Course syllabus
The teaching program includes the presentation and discussion of the following topics:
General pharmacology
· concept of a drug as a substance capable of modifying the biological functions of the organism for curative, prophylactic or diagnostic purposes
· clinical trials of drugs and pharmacovigilance
· critical aspects of "alternative" therapies
· mechanisms that regulate the absorption of drugs in relation to the different routes of administration
· distribution mechanisms of drugs in the body and their binding to plasma proteins
· biotransformation processes and their clinical importance
· drug excretion mechanisms
· definition of the volume of distribution, half-life, clearance and steady-state plasma concentration of a drug; practical examples of the application of these pharmacokinetic parameters in simulations of clinical conditions
· molecular targets and cascade of events through which a drug produces a response at the cellular level
· various types of drug-receptor interaction (full and partial agonists, inverse agonists, biased agonists, antagonists, orthosteric and allosteric interaction) and possible alterations of the receptor response during prolonged treatments or in particular pathological conditions (concepts of desensitization and receptor downregulation)
· efficacy and potency of drugs based on their dose-response curves
· selectivity, specificity and toxicity of drugs
· therapeutic index
· variability in response to drugs in relation to pathologies, concomitant therapies, genetic profile, gender
Special pharmacology
· drugs that modulate the synthesis, storage, release, catabolism and interaction with the receptors of the main neurotransmitters and autacoids
· drugs active on the ortho-and parasympathetic system
· drugs for the treatment of obesity, metabolic syndrome and eating disorders
drugs for the treatment of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) and preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF)
·drugs for the treatment of arterial hypertension
anticoagulant drugs (including heparin and its derivatives; coumarin anticoagulants; direct oral anticoagulants)
antiplatelet drugs that attenuate platelet activation or platelet aggregation (glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors)
fibrinolytic drugs that degrade fibrin and fibrinolysis inhibitors
drugs for the treatment of dyslipidemia, including statins, bile acid binding resins, fibric acid derivatives, cholesterol absorption inhibitors, omega-3, PCSK9 inhibitors, bempedoic acid
· drugs for different types of angina
· antiarrhythmic drugs
drugs that affect renal function, including carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, osmotic diuretics, loop diuretics, thiazide diuretics, K+-sparing diuretics, aldosterone antagonists, natriuretic peptide analogues and inhibitors of neprilysin, vasopressin receptor agonists and antagonists (outline)
drugs for the treatment of gastric hypersecretion, peptic ulcer and gastroesophageal reflux including proton pump inhibitors, histamine 2 receptor antagonists, mucosal protective agents
drugs for the treatment of diseases of gastrointestinal motility and fluid flow (prokinetics, laxatives, antidiarrheals)
· anti-nausea and anti-emetic drugs
Steroidal and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
· drugs for the treatment of bronchial asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
drugs that modulate neuronal transmission
· drugs for the treatment of depression and anxiety, including monoamine oxidase inhibitors, tricyclics, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (NARIs) and dual inhibitors (SNRIs), receptor blockers, multimodals and l ' esketamine
· medications for bipolar disorder
· drugs for anxiety disorders and possible use as sedative-hypnotic drugs
· antiepileptic drugs
· drugs used for neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease (including L-DOPA and dopadecarboxylase inhibitors, dopaminergic agonists, enzyme inhibitors, anticholinergics, amantadine); Alzheimer's disease (acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, memantine, potential disease-modifying drugs); Huntington's disease, ALS and multiple sclerosis; centrally acting and direct acting muscle relaxant drugs.
· drugs for the treatment of acute and chronic pain, including opiates and cannabinoids
· anesthetic drugs (outline)
· substances of abuse (including the mechanisms of development of addiction to substances of abuse and drugs) and notes on the treatment of addiction
· drugs for the treatment of diabetes mellitus, including different formulations of insulin, oral anti-diabetics (biguanides) and alpha-glucosidase inhibitors; DPP-4 inhibitors; sulfonylurea and non-sulfonylurea insulin secretagogues; thiazolidinediones; SGLT2 inhibitors); GLP-1 analogues; the amylin analogue
drugs for the treatment of hypoglycemia (glucagon)
drugs for the treatment of osteoporosis (bisphosphonates and denosumab)
drugs that modulate the reproductive system (estrogens, progestins) and selection criteria for contraception and hormone replacement therapy in menopause
Chemotherapy
· criteria for choosing and appropriate use of antibiotic-chemotherapeutic agents in relation to the pathogen and the type of patient
antibacterial drugs, including sulfonamides, β-lactams, aminoglycosides, macrolides, lincosamides, tetracyclines, chloramphenicol
· urinary tract disinfectants
· antituberculosis drugs
· antifungal, antiprotozoal and antiparasitic drugs
· basics of antiviral chemotherapy and main antiviral drugs
· the different classes of anticancer drugs and their mechanisms of action and resistance
· biological drugs (monoclonals, recombinant proteins, decoys)
·medicines for advanced therapies (outline)
· immunosuppressive and immunomodulatory drugs
· pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics: the genetic basis of individual response to drugs
·Gender-specific pharmacology
·drug interactions
General pharmacology
· concept of a drug as a substance capable of modifying the biological functions of the organism for curative, prophylactic or diagnostic purposes
· clinical trials of drugs and pharmacovigilance
· critical aspects of "alternative" therapies
· mechanisms that regulate the absorption of drugs in relation to the different routes of administration
· distribution mechanisms of drugs in the body and their binding to plasma proteins
· biotransformation processes and their clinical importance
· drug excretion mechanisms
· definition of the volume of distribution, half-life, clearance and steady-state plasma concentration of a drug; practical examples of the application of these pharmacokinetic parameters in simulations of clinical conditions
· molecular targets and cascade of events through which a drug produces a response at the cellular level
· various types of drug-receptor interaction (full and partial agonists, inverse agonists, biased agonists, antagonists, orthosteric and allosteric interaction) and possible alterations of the receptor response during prolonged treatments or in particular pathological conditions (concepts of desensitization and receptor downregulation)
· efficacy and potency of drugs based on their dose-response curves
· selectivity, specificity and toxicity of drugs
· therapeutic index
· variability in response to drugs in relation to pathologies, concomitant therapies, genetic profile, gender
Special pharmacology
· drugs that modulate the synthesis, storage, release, catabolism and interaction with the receptors of the main neurotransmitters and autacoids
· drugs active on the ortho-and parasympathetic system
· drugs for the treatment of obesity, metabolic syndrome and eating disorders
drugs for the treatment of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) and preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF)
·drugs for the treatment of arterial hypertension
anticoagulant drugs (including heparin and its derivatives; coumarin anticoagulants; direct oral anticoagulants)
antiplatelet drugs that attenuate platelet activation or platelet aggregation (glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors)
fibrinolytic drugs that degrade fibrin and fibrinolysis inhibitors
drugs for the treatment of dyslipidemia, including statins, bile acid binding resins, fibric acid derivatives, cholesterol absorption inhibitors, omega-3, PCSK9 inhibitors, bempedoic acid
· drugs for different types of angina
· antiarrhythmic drugs
drugs that affect renal function, including carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, osmotic diuretics, loop diuretics, thiazide diuretics, K+-sparing diuretics, aldosterone antagonists, natriuretic peptide analogues and inhibitors of neprilysin, vasopressin receptor agonists and antagonists (outline)
drugs for the treatment of gastric hypersecretion, peptic ulcer and gastroesophageal reflux including proton pump inhibitors, histamine 2 receptor antagonists, mucosal protective agents
drugs for the treatment of diseases of gastrointestinal motility and fluid flow (prokinetics, laxatives, antidiarrheals)
· anti-nausea and anti-emetic drugs
Steroidal and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
· drugs for the treatment of bronchial asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
drugs that modulate neuronal transmission
· drugs for the treatment of depression and anxiety, including monoamine oxidase inhibitors, tricyclics, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (NARIs) and dual inhibitors (SNRIs), receptor blockers, multimodals and l ' esketamine
· medications for bipolar disorder
· drugs for anxiety disorders and possible use as sedative-hypnotic drugs
· antiepileptic drugs
· drugs used for neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease (including L-DOPA and dopadecarboxylase inhibitors, dopaminergic agonists, enzyme inhibitors, anticholinergics, amantadine); Alzheimer's disease (acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, memantine, potential disease-modifying drugs); Huntington's disease, ALS and multiple sclerosis; centrally acting and direct acting muscle relaxant drugs.
· drugs for the treatment of acute and chronic pain, including opiates and cannabinoids
· anesthetic drugs (outline)
· substances of abuse (including the mechanisms of development of addiction to substances of abuse and drugs) and notes on the treatment of addiction
· drugs for the treatment of diabetes mellitus, including different formulations of insulin, oral anti-diabetics (biguanides) and alpha-glucosidase inhibitors; DPP-4 inhibitors; sulfonylurea and non-sulfonylurea insulin secretagogues; thiazolidinediones; SGLT2 inhibitors); GLP-1 analogues; the amylin analogue
drugs for the treatment of hypoglycemia (glucagon)
drugs for the treatment of osteoporosis (bisphosphonates and denosumab)
drugs that modulate the reproductive system (estrogens, progestins) and selection criteria for contraception and hormone replacement therapy in menopause
Chemotherapy
· criteria for choosing and appropriate use of antibiotic-chemotherapeutic agents in relation to the pathogen and the type of patient
antibacterial drugs, including sulfonamides, β-lactams, aminoglycosides, macrolides, lincosamides, tetracyclines, chloramphenicol
· urinary tract disinfectants
· antituberculosis drugs
· antifungal, antiprotozoal and antiparasitic drugs
· basics of antiviral chemotherapy and main antiviral drugs
· the different classes of anticancer drugs and their mechanisms of action and resistance
· biological drugs (monoclonals, recombinant proteins, decoys)
·medicines for advanced therapies (outline)
· immunosuppressive and immunomodulatory drugs
· pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics: the genetic basis of individual response to drugs
·Gender-specific pharmacology
·drug interactions
Prerequisites for admission
Sono richieste conoscenze preliminari di biologia, anatomia umana, biochimica, fisiologia, fisiopatologia, patologia generale e microbiologia
Teaching methods
Professors disseminate instruction through traditional frontal teaching, non-formal teaching, and innovative teaching methods.
Teaching Resources
Goodman & Gilmans's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. Laurence L. Brunton, Bjorn C. Knollmann XIV edition McGraw Hill
Katzung's Basic & Clinical Pharmacology Todd W.Vanderah XVI Edition McGraw Hill
Principles of Pharmacology-The Pathophysiologic Basis of Drug Therapy David E. Golan, Ehrin J. Armstrong, April W. Armstrong IV Edition Wolters Kluwer
Farmacologia Generale e Molecolare Francesco Clementi, Guido Fumagalli V edizione EDRA
Farmacologia Stefano Govoni et.al. II edizione Casa Editrice Ambrosiana. Distribuzione esclusiva Zanichelli 2023
Katzung's Basic & Clinical Pharmacology Todd W.Vanderah XVI Edition McGraw Hill
Principles of Pharmacology-The Pathophysiologic Basis of Drug Therapy David E. Golan, Ehrin J. Armstrong, April W. Armstrong IV Edition Wolters Kluwer
Farmacologia Generale e Molecolare Francesco Clementi, Guido Fumagalli V edizione EDRA
Farmacologia Stefano Govoni et.al. II edizione Casa Editrice Ambrosiana. Distribuzione esclusiva Zanichelli 2023
Assessment methods and Criteria
The evaluation will be expressed out of thirty. Verification of learning will be carried out through an oral test. In particular, the candidate will carry out individual oral tests with each of the members of the commission present. The oral tests will focus on pharmacology topics contained in the program present in this Syllabus. The final evaluation is made globally by the commission, not necessarily based on the average of the individual evaluations
BIO/14 - PHARMACOLOGY - University credits: 10
Informal teaching: 16 hours
Lessons: 96 hours
: 12 hours
Lessons: 96 hours
: 12 hours
Educational website(s)
Professor(s)
Reception:
meeting appointment to be scheduled by email
ex-Department of Medical Pharmacology, via L. Vanvitelli 32 - 20129 Milan - New Building, Third Floor