Human Anatomy and Physiology
A.Y. 2024/2025
Learning objectives
The main aim of the course is to provide students with the most important concepts of morphology and functioning of the human body, as well as the maintenance of homeostasis. This knowledge represents the basis for understanding the subsequent courses in the biomedical area. The unit of anatomy consists of lectures describing the structures of the human body, from the composition of tissues and organs to apparatus and systems. The unit of physiology consists of lectures in which will be addressed the principal molecular mechanisms of cell physiology, the features of organs and systems functioning. Furthermore, the principal control systems as well as their interaction, in response to changes of the endogenous and exogenous environment, will be described.
Expected learning outcomes
At the end of the teaching, student must prove its ability and competence in the description of body parts morphology. Particular attention will be paied to the evaluation of the acquired skill in the microscopical anatomy. Moreover, at the end of the teaching, students must prove to have acquired the competences on cell and organ physiology and to argue critically on the contribution of different organs and apparatuses to the body homeostasis. The students must prove to use a proper scientific terminology when describing anatomical structures and physiologic processes. The expected outcomes will provide the fundamental basis for learning of subsequent biomedical courses.
Lesson period: Activity scheduled over several sessions (see Course syllabus and organization section for more detailed information).
Assessment methods: Esame
Assessment result: voto verbalizzato in trentesimi
Single course
This course can be attended as a single course.
Course syllabus and organization
Linea AK
Responsible
Lesson period
year
Course syllabus
The first part of the course (Anatomy) will address the following topics:
- General principles of human anatomy. Hollow organs and solid organs.
- Integumentary system: General characteristics and structure of the skin; Skin appendages; Hints on Receptor
- Central Nervous System (CNS): General organization of the nervous system; Concept of blood-brain barrier; Neuronal chains; Synapses; Types of sensitivity; Macroscopic description of CNS; Organization of gray matter and white matter in the spinal cord and in the brainstem; The cerebellum: morphology, cytoarchitectonic; The diencephalon: morphology, subdivision; The telencephalon: morphology, cytoarchitectonic; The cortical areas; The meninges.
- Peripheral nervous system: General organization; The nerves and ganglia; The peripheral nerve endings; The spinal nerves; The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system.
- Cardio-Vascular System: General circulation picture; Organization of the circulatory system; The heart; The pericardium; The arterial vessels and venous vessels.
- Respiratory system: General organization; The nasal cavities; The larynx; The trachea and the bronchi; The lungs; Concept of the Pulmonary Lobule; The pulmonary alveoli; Air-Blood Barrier; The pleurae.
- Digestive system: General organization; The oral cavity: tongue, salivary glands; The pharynx; The esophagus; The stomach; The small and large intestines; The liver; The pancreas; The spleen.
- Urinary system: General organization; The kidney; Concept of Blood Barrier; Urine; The nephron; Ureter; Bladder; Urethra.
- Endocrine system: General organization; The endocrine hypothalamus; The pituitary and the pituitary portal system; General information on endocrine glands and description of adrenal, thymus, thyroid and pancreas structures.
- General organization of male reproductive system (Spermatogenesis, spermatic ducts and glands annexed to the male reproductive system).
- General organization of female reproductive system and related glands; The ovarian cycle and oogenesis.
The second part of the course (Physiology) will address the following topics:
- General principles of physiology: integration and coordination of physiological functions, homeostasis (thermoregulation as an example of homeostatic process), distribution of body volumes and solutes, osmosis.
- Cellular physiology: membrane transport, Fick's law, ion channels.
- Cellular communication: receptors and signaling systems, feedback and feedforward systems.
- Physiology of the nervous system: i) membrane and action potential, electrical synapse, chemical synapse, conduction of action potential, LTP, LTD. ii) Cortical functions (language, sleep, emotion, learning, memory). iii) Sensory systems: peripheral, tonic and phasic receptors, somatic senses, special senses. iv) Motor nervous system: organization and control (muscle tone, voluntary movements and reflexes). Autonomic nervous system.
- Endocrine system: neuroendocrinology (hypothalamus-pituitary); growth hormone; prolactin; adrenal axis; thyroid axis; calcium metabolism.
- Skeletal muscle: myofibril, sarcomere, tension, load, contraction. Smooth muscle: structure, contraction. Cardiac muscle: structure, contraction, refractory period, pacemaker cells.
- Cardiovascular system: contraction and heart rate, electrocardiogram, cardiac cycle, pressure-volume curve, cardiac output; regulation of cardiac activity.
- Functional characteristics of blood vessels; blood flow and blood pressure control, mechanisms of capillary exchanges, edema and lymphatic system.
- Blood: haemostasis, coagulation; blood groups.
- Respiratory system: alveolus structure, ventilation; spirometry; lung volumes and capacities; Gas exchange and transportation; function of hemoglobin, hemoglobin saturation; Regulation of breathing.
- Renal system: characteristics of the nephron: processes of filtration, reabsorption, and secretion; renal clearance; erythropoietin, juxtaglomerular apparatus, RA system; countercurrent mechanism; diuresis. - Integrated control of the composition of extracellular fluids, plasma volume and arterial pressure. Water and salt balance: renal reabsorption, ADH, sodium and potassium balance; acid-base balance, pH and buffer systems; acidosis and alkalosis.
- Gastrointestinal system: motility, secretions, digestion and absorption; digestive enzymes, pancreatic secretions; functions of the liver, bile.
- Energy balance; metabolism and regulation of glucose, insulin and glucagon.
- Physiology of male and female reproductive systems.
- General principles of human anatomy. Hollow organs and solid organs.
- Integumentary system: General characteristics and structure of the skin; Skin appendages; Hints on Receptor
- Central Nervous System (CNS): General organization of the nervous system; Concept of blood-brain barrier; Neuronal chains; Synapses; Types of sensitivity; Macroscopic description of CNS; Organization of gray matter and white matter in the spinal cord and in the brainstem; The cerebellum: morphology, cytoarchitectonic; The diencephalon: morphology, subdivision; The telencephalon: morphology, cytoarchitectonic; The cortical areas; The meninges.
- Peripheral nervous system: General organization; The nerves and ganglia; The peripheral nerve endings; The spinal nerves; The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system.
- Cardio-Vascular System: General circulation picture; Organization of the circulatory system; The heart; The pericardium; The arterial vessels and venous vessels.
- Respiratory system: General organization; The nasal cavities; The larynx; The trachea and the bronchi; The lungs; Concept of the Pulmonary Lobule; The pulmonary alveoli; Air-Blood Barrier; The pleurae.
- Digestive system: General organization; The oral cavity: tongue, salivary glands; The pharynx; The esophagus; The stomach; The small and large intestines; The liver; The pancreas; The spleen.
- Urinary system: General organization; The kidney; Concept of Blood Barrier; Urine; The nephron; Ureter; Bladder; Urethra.
- Endocrine system: General organization; The endocrine hypothalamus; The pituitary and the pituitary portal system; General information on endocrine glands and description of adrenal, thymus, thyroid and pancreas structures.
- General organization of male reproductive system (Spermatogenesis, spermatic ducts and glands annexed to the male reproductive system).
- General organization of female reproductive system and related glands; The ovarian cycle and oogenesis.
The second part of the course (Physiology) will address the following topics:
- General principles of physiology: integration and coordination of physiological functions, homeostasis (thermoregulation as an example of homeostatic process), distribution of body volumes and solutes, osmosis.
- Cellular physiology: membrane transport, Fick's law, ion channels.
- Cellular communication: receptors and signaling systems, feedback and feedforward systems.
- Physiology of the nervous system: i) membrane and action potential, electrical synapse, chemical synapse, conduction of action potential, LTP, LTD. ii) Cortical functions (language, sleep, emotion, learning, memory). iii) Sensory systems: peripheral, tonic and phasic receptors, somatic senses, special senses. iv) Motor nervous system: organization and control (muscle tone, voluntary movements and reflexes). Autonomic nervous system.
- Endocrine system: neuroendocrinology (hypothalamus-pituitary); growth hormone; prolactin; adrenal axis; thyroid axis; calcium metabolism.
- Skeletal muscle: myofibril, sarcomere, tension, load, contraction. Smooth muscle: structure, contraction. Cardiac muscle: structure, contraction, refractory period, pacemaker cells.
- Cardiovascular system: contraction and heart rate, electrocardiogram, cardiac cycle, pressure-volume curve, cardiac output; regulation of cardiac activity.
- Functional characteristics of blood vessels; blood flow and blood pressure control, mechanisms of capillary exchanges, edema and lymphatic system.
- Blood: haemostasis, coagulation; blood groups.
- Respiratory system: alveolus structure, ventilation; spirometry; lung volumes and capacities; Gas exchange and transportation; function of hemoglobin, hemoglobin saturation; Regulation of breathing.
- Renal system: characteristics of the nephron: processes of filtration, reabsorption, and secretion; renal clearance; erythropoietin, juxtaglomerular apparatus, RA system; countercurrent mechanism; diuresis. - Integrated control of the composition of extracellular fluids, plasma volume and arterial pressure. Water and salt balance: renal reabsorption, ADH, sodium and potassium balance; acid-base balance, pH and buffer systems; acidosis and alkalosis.
- Gastrointestinal system: motility, secretions, digestion and absorption; digestive enzymes, pancreatic secretions; functions of the liver, bile.
- Energy balance; metabolism and regulation of glucose, insulin and glucagon.
- Physiology of male and female reproductive systems.
Prerequisites for admission
The course comes with the knowledge of the fundamental concepts of Physics, Chemistry and Biology addressed in previous courses.
Teaching methods
The course is based on frontal teaching, by using slides and/or videos. The teaching materials will be provided on Unimi-MyAriel website.
Teaching Resources
Human Anatomy, Martini, Timmons, Tallitsch, Robert, Pearson - ISBN 13: 9780321688156
Human Physiology: An Integrated Approach, Silverthorn - Ed. Pearson - ISBN: 8891909734
Human Physiology: An Integrated Approach, Silverthorn - Ed. Pearson - ISBN: 8891909734
Assessment methods and Criteria
The exam of the first part of the course (Human Anatomy) consists of an oral exam. The evaluation is out of thirty and depends on the accuracy and precision of the answers given. The knowledge of the second part of the course (Physiology) will be verified by an oral exam which consists of three questions concerning different topics covered during the course. In order to pass the exam, the student must answer all the questions and the evaluation, expressed out of thirty, depends on the accuracy, the precision of the answers given and the terminology used. The final mark of the exam derives from the weighted average of the marks taken in the exams of the two parts (Anatomy and Physiology) of the course.
BIO/09 - PHYSIOLOGY - University credits: 6
BIO/16 - HUMAN ANATOMY - University credits: 5
BIO/16 - HUMAN ANATOMY - University credits: 5
Lessons: 88 hours
Professors:
Galbiati Mariarita, Rumio Cristiano
Linea LZ
Responsible
Lesson period
year
Course syllabus
The first part of the course (Anatomy) will address the following topics:
Basic characteristics and classification criteria of epithelial, connective, muscular and nervous tissues.
General principles of human anatomy. The hollow organs and the solid organs.
Integumentary System - General characteristics and structure of the skin - Skin appendages - Hints on receptors
Central Nervous System - General organization of the nervous system: the Blood-brain barrier concept - Neural chains - Synapses - Types of sensitivity - Macroscopic description of the central nervous system - Organization of the gray matter and the white matter in the spinal cord and brain stem - The cerebellum: morphology, cytoarchitectonics - The diencephalon: morphology, main subdivisions - The telencephalon: morphology, cytoarchitectonics - The cortical areas - The meninges.
Peripheral Nervous System - General organization - The nerves and ganglia - Peripheral nerve endings - Spinal nerves - The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system.
Cardio-Vascular System - General organization of the circulatory system - The heart - The pericardium - The arterial and venous vessels.
Respiratory system - General organization - The nasal cavities - The larynx - The trachea and the bronchi - The lungs - Concept of pulmonary lobule - The pulmonary alveoli: Air-Blood Barrier - The pleura.
Digestive system - General organization - The oral cavity: tongue, salivary glands - The pharynx - The esophagus - The stomach - The small intestine and the large intestine - The liver - The pancreas - The spleen
Urinary System - General Organization - The Kidney - Blood Barrier Concept - Urine - The Nephron - Ureter - Bladder - Urethra
Endocrine system - General organization - The endocrine hypothalamus - The pituitary gland and the hypophyseal portal system - General information on all the glands and description of the endocrine, adrenal, thymus, thyroid and pancreas structures.
Male Reproductive System - General organization - The sperm pathway - The glands annexed to the male reproductive system - Spermatogenesis
Female Reproductive System - General organization - Female genital system and attached glands - The ovarian cycle and oogenesis.
The second part of the course (Physiology) will address the following topics:
- General principles of physiology: integration and coordination of physiological functions, homeostasis (thermoregulation as an example of homeostatic process), distribution of body volumes and solutes, osmosis.
- Cellular physiology: membrane transport, Fick's law, ion channels - Cellular communication: receptors and signaling systems, feedback and feedforward systems.
- Physiology of the nervous system: i) membrane and action potential, electrical synapse, chemical synapse, conduction of action potential, LTP, LTD. ii) Cortical functions (language, sleep, emotion, learning, memory). iii) Sensory systems: peripheral, tonic and phasic receptors, somatic senses, special senses. iv) Motor nervous system: organization and control (muscle tone, voluntary movements and reflexes). Autonomic nervous system.
- Endocrine system: neuroendocrinology (hypothalamus-pituitary) growth hormone; prolactin; adrenal axis; thyroid axis; calcium metabolism.
- Skeletal muscle: myofibril, sarcomere, tension, load, contraction. Smooth muscle: structure, contraction. Cardiac muscle: structure, contraction, refractory period, pacemaker cells.
- Cardiovascular system: contraction and heart rate, electrocardiogram, cardiac cycle, pressure-volume curve, cardiac output; regulation of cardiac activity.
- Functional characteristics of blood vessels; blood flow and blood pressure control, mechanisms of capillary exchanges, edema and lymphatic system.
- Blood: haemostasis, coagulation; blood groups.
- Respiratory system: structure, alveolus, cellular respiration, ventilation; spirometry; lung volumes and capacities; Gas exchange and transportation; function of hemoglobin, hemoglobin saturation; Regulation of breathing.
- Renal system: characteristics of the nephron: processes of filtration, reabsorption, and secretion; renal clearance; erythropoietin, juxtaglomerular apparatus, RA system; countercurrent mechanism; diuresis. - Integrated control of the composition of extracellular fluids, plasma volume and arterial pressure. Water and salt balance: renal reabsorption, ADH, sodium and potassium balance; acid-base balance, pH and buffer systems; acidosis and alkalosis.
- Gastrointestinal system: motility, secretions, digestion and absorption; digestive enzymes, pancreatic secretions; functions of the liver, bile.
- Energy balance; metabolism and regulation of glucose, insulin and glucagon.
- Physiology: of male and female reproductive systems.
Basic characteristics and classification criteria of epithelial, connective, muscular and nervous tissues.
General principles of human anatomy. The hollow organs and the solid organs.
Integumentary System - General characteristics and structure of the skin - Skin appendages - Hints on receptors
Central Nervous System - General organization of the nervous system: the Blood-brain barrier concept - Neural chains - Synapses - Types of sensitivity - Macroscopic description of the central nervous system - Organization of the gray matter and the white matter in the spinal cord and brain stem - The cerebellum: morphology, cytoarchitectonics - The diencephalon: morphology, main subdivisions - The telencephalon: morphology, cytoarchitectonics - The cortical areas - The meninges.
Peripheral Nervous System - General organization - The nerves and ganglia - Peripheral nerve endings - Spinal nerves - The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system.
Cardio-Vascular System - General organization of the circulatory system - The heart - The pericardium - The arterial and venous vessels.
Respiratory system - General organization - The nasal cavities - The larynx - The trachea and the bronchi - The lungs - Concept of pulmonary lobule - The pulmonary alveoli: Air-Blood Barrier - The pleura.
Digestive system - General organization - The oral cavity: tongue, salivary glands - The pharynx - The esophagus - The stomach - The small intestine and the large intestine - The liver - The pancreas - The spleen
Urinary System - General Organization - The Kidney - Blood Barrier Concept - Urine - The Nephron - Ureter - Bladder - Urethra
Endocrine system - General organization - The endocrine hypothalamus - The pituitary gland and the hypophyseal portal system - General information on all the glands and description of the endocrine, adrenal, thymus, thyroid and pancreas structures.
Male Reproductive System - General organization - The sperm pathway - The glands annexed to the male reproductive system - Spermatogenesis
Female Reproductive System - General organization - Female genital system and attached glands - The ovarian cycle and oogenesis.
The second part of the course (Physiology) will address the following topics:
- General principles of physiology: integration and coordination of physiological functions, homeostasis (thermoregulation as an example of homeostatic process), distribution of body volumes and solutes, osmosis.
- Cellular physiology: membrane transport, Fick's law, ion channels - Cellular communication: receptors and signaling systems, feedback and feedforward systems.
- Physiology of the nervous system: i) membrane and action potential, electrical synapse, chemical synapse, conduction of action potential, LTP, LTD. ii) Cortical functions (language, sleep, emotion, learning, memory). iii) Sensory systems: peripheral, tonic and phasic receptors, somatic senses, special senses. iv) Motor nervous system: organization and control (muscle tone, voluntary movements and reflexes). Autonomic nervous system.
- Endocrine system: neuroendocrinology (hypothalamus-pituitary) growth hormone; prolactin; adrenal axis; thyroid axis; calcium metabolism.
- Skeletal muscle: myofibril, sarcomere, tension, load, contraction. Smooth muscle: structure, contraction. Cardiac muscle: structure, contraction, refractory period, pacemaker cells.
- Cardiovascular system: contraction and heart rate, electrocardiogram, cardiac cycle, pressure-volume curve, cardiac output; regulation of cardiac activity.
- Functional characteristics of blood vessels; blood flow and blood pressure control, mechanisms of capillary exchanges, edema and lymphatic system.
- Blood: haemostasis, coagulation; blood groups.
- Respiratory system: structure, alveolus, cellular respiration, ventilation; spirometry; lung volumes and capacities; Gas exchange and transportation; function of hemoglobin, hemoglobin saturation; Regulation of breathing.
- Renal system: characteristics of the nephron: processes of filtration, reabsorption, and secretion; renal clearance; erythropoietin, juxtaglomerular apparatus, RA system; countercurrent mechanism; diuresis. - Integrated control of the composition of extracellular fluids, plasma volume and arterial pressure. Water and salt balance: renal reabsorption, ADH, sodium and potassium balance; acid-base balance, pH and buffer systems; acidosis and alkalosis.
- Gastrointestinal system: motility, secretions, digestion and absorption; digestive enzymes, pancreatic secretions; functions of the liver, bile.
- Energy balance; metabolism and regulation of glucose, insulin and glucagon.
- Physiology: of male and female reproductive systems.
Prerequisites for admission
The course comes with the knowledge of the fundamental concepts of Physics, Chemistry and Biology addressed in previous courses.
Teaching methods
The course is based on frontal teaching, by using slides and/or videos. The teaching materials will be provided on Unimi-Ariel website.
Teaching Resources
- Principi di Anatomia Microscopica con cenni di istologia e Anatomia Macroscopica Editore EDISES - SBN 9788833190068.
- Anatomia Umana F. H. Martini, R. B. Tallitsch, J. L. Nath, EDISES- ISBN 9788833190259.
- Fisiologia Umana Silverthorn - Ed. Pearson-ISBN: 8891909734.
- Fisiologia dalle molecole ai sistemi integrati - Carbone, Ed. EdiSES - ISBN 9788879599795.
- Anatomia Umana F. H. Martini, R. B. Tallitsch, J. L. Nath, EDISES- ISBN 9788833190259.
- Fisiologia Umana Silverthorn - Ed. Pearson-ISBN: 8891909734.
- Fisiologia dalle molecole ai sistemi integrati - Carbone, Ed. EdiSES - ISBN 9788879599795.
Assessment methods and Criteria
Metodi di verifica dell'apprendimento e criteri di valutazione inglese
The exam of the first part of the course (Human Anatomy) consists of a written test lasting one hour in which students must answer three questions, concerning the topics covered during the course. To pass the test, the student must answer all three questions sufficiently; the evaluation is out of thirty and depends on the accuracy and precision of the answers given. The knoledge of the second part of the course (Physiology) will be verified by an oral exam which consists of three questions concerning different topics covered during the course. In order to pass the exam, the student must answer all the questions and the evaluation, expressed out of thirty, depends on the accuracy, the precision of the answers given and the terminology used. The final mark of the exam derives from the weighted average of the marks taken in the two parts (Anatomy and Physiology) of the course.
The exam of the first part of the course (Human Anatomy) consists of a written test lasting one hour in which students must answer three questions, concerning the topics covered during the course. To pass the test, the student must answer all three questions sufficiently; the evaluation is out of thirty and depends on the accuracy and precision of the answers given. The knoledge of the second part of the course (Physiology) will be verified by an oral exam which consists of three questions concerning different topics covered during the course. In order to pass the exam, the student must answer all the questions and the evaluation, expressed out of thirty, depends on the accuracy, the precision of the answers given and the terminology used. The final mark of the exam derives from the weighted average of the marks taken in the two parts (Anatomy and Physiology) of the course.
BIO/09 - PHYSIOLOGY - University credits: 6
BIO/16 - HUMAN ANATOMY - University credits: 5
BIO/16 - HUMAN ANATOMY - University credits: 5
Lessons: 88 hours
Professors:
Borsello Tiziana, Montagnani Marelli Marina
Professor(s)
Reception:
monday - friday 8.30-17.30 by appointment
via Balzaretti, 9 piano 4 stanza 5020
Reception:
by appointment