General Pathology, Immunology and Hystory of Medicine

COMPONENTS OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
∙ Cells and tissues
ANTIBODY
∙ Structure
∙ Effector functions
MATURATION OF B LYMPHOCYTES AND EXPRESSION OF GENES OF IMMUNOGLOBULINES
∙ Generation of B cell diversity
THE MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX
∙ Diversity of MHC molecules and gene polymorphism
∙ MHC system and rejection of transplanted tissues
∙ Structure, function and distribution of MHC class I and II molecules
ANTIGEN PROCESSING AND LYMPHOCYTE PRESENTATION T
∙ Extracellular origin of Ag, endosomal fragmentation and MHC II-associated presentation by professional APCs
∙ Intracellular origin of the Ag, cytosolic fragmentation and MHC I-associated presentation by virus-infected cells
ANTIGEN RECOGNITION AND LYMPHOCYT ACTIVATION T
∙ The TCR: structure and generation of diversity
∙ Accessory molecules CD4 and CD8
∙ Early biochemical events induced by the link between antigen and TCR
EFFECTIVE MECHANISMS OF IMMUNITY CELL MEDIATED CD4 TH1, CD4 TH2, CD8
ACTIVATION OF LYMPHOCYTES B
∙ Thymus-dependent antigens
∙ Thymus-independent antigens
IMMUNOLOGICAL MEMORY AND SECONDARY IMMUNITY RESPONSE
∙ B memory cells
∙ T memory cells
FAILURE OF BODY DEFENSES
∙ Elusion and subversion of the immune system by pathogens
∙ Hereditary immunodeficiency diseases
∙ Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
HYPER-REACTIONS OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM (IPERSENSIBILITY)
∙ Type I hypersensitivity reactions
∙ Type II hypersensitivity reactions
∙ Type III hypersensitivity reactions
∙ Type IV hypersensitivity reactions
AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES
∙ Effector mechanisms of autoimmunity
∙ Endocrine glands and autoimmunity
∙ Autoimmune systemic disease
∙ Rheumatic diseases
TRANSPLANT OF TISSUES AND ORGANS
∙ System A, B, O
∙ Acute rejection of transplants
∙ Allogeneic transplantation
INFLAMMATION REPAIR PROCESSES
∙ Vascular changes
∙ Diapedesis and Chemotaxis
∙ Phagocytosis and mechanisms of killing microorganisms
∙ Chemical mediators
∙ Systemic reactions
∙ Chronic inflammation
∙ Repair process
ALTERATIONS OF THE EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX
∙ Amyloidosis
DAMAGE AND CELL DEATH
∙ Cellular responses to damage
∙ Intracellular accumulations: steatosis, glycogen storage disease
∙ Apoptosis
∙ Necrosis
CELL GROWTH AND DIFFERENTIATION
∙ Normal regulation and adaptations (hyperplasia and hypertrophy)
∙ Benign neoplastic growth
∙ Malignant neoplastic growth
∙ Molecular bases: oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes
∙ Physical, chemical, viral carcinogenesis
∙ Cancer cell biology
∙ Metastatic process
∙ Tumor immunology

ORIGINS AND MEANING OF MEDICINE AND THE HISTORY OF MEDICINE
∙ Systematic anatomy, animated anatomy, microscopic anatomy and pathological anatomy
Enlightenment and public health
∙ The birth of the clinic and its tools (semeiotics, diagnostics and therapy)
∙ Surgery problems and their resolution: analgesia, anaesthesia, asepsis and antisepsis
The 20th century: new concepts, tools and therapies
The Evolution of health and disease sites
SOURCES FOR THE HISTORY OF LABORATORY MEDICINE (BOOKS, ARTICLES, INSTRUMENTS)
∙ From uroscopy to urinalysis; Proteinuria: from the first observations to nineteenth-century scientific studies
∙ The birth of Physiological Chemistry
∙ The Laboratory as a complement to the bedside clinic
∙ The Immunology of blood cells: the main historical stages
PALEOPATHOLOGY & ITS CONTRIBUTION TO THE HISTORY OF MEDICINE
- Basic principles of paleopathology, bone cells and bone reaction to insult, applications of paleopathology and its limitations
- Confrontation of historical and osteological sources
- Antiquity of surgery
- Antiquity of diseases perceived as modern: examples of atherosclerosis, diabetes and cancer
- The origin of syphilis
- Childbirth and parturition in the past
- The skeletal manifestations of leprosy