Fundamentals of General and Agricultural Chemistry

For Inorganic and organic chemistry. Elements, compounds, mixtures. States of matter: solid, liquid and gas. Phase transitions. The mol. The atomic structure. The electronic configuration and the periodic table of elements. Molecules and ions. The chemical bonds. Simple, multiple and delocalized bonds. Electronegativity. Bonds and polarity of molecules. Chemical equations and reactions. The solutions. The concentration of solutions. Colloids. The stoichiometry. The chemical equilibrium. Acids, bases and salts: short account of nomenclature, definition and proprieties. Amphoteric substance. Hydrolisis. Electrolites. Acids and bases definitions and proprieties, pH, pOH, indicators and buffer solutions. Solubility and Kps. The redox reactions. Oxidation number.
The organic compounds: structure, isomerism, compact formula, functional group. Alkanes and alkenes in nature: terpenes (short account). Phenols: structure, proprieties, acidity and redox reactions. Antioxidants. Carbohydrates: mono-, di- and polysaccharides. Disaccharides and polysaccharides: proprieties and importance in biological system. Carboxylic acids: proprieties and reactions. pKa. Funcional derivatives of carboxilyc acids: acid halides, esters, amides, anhydrides, carbammates, uree. Amines: structure, proprieties, basicity. Natural nitrogen containing compounds (short account). Aminoacids and peptide bond, pI. Peptides and proteins.

Soil Chemistry: -Soil definition: the soil as an open system. -The main soil functions: productive function, protective function, naturalistic function. -The soil as a three-phase system: solid, liquid and gas phase. - -The soil physical properties: real and apparent texture, structure, density and porosity. - Organic matter: non-humic component and humic component, accumulation and consumption processes in relation to soil fertility. Role in soil fertility. - Soil chemical properties: adsorption and exchange -The soil / water ratios. - Soil / air relationships. Acid, saline, sodium, submerged soils. - Fertilizers, soil improvers and corrective agents.

For Agricultural Biochemistry and Plant Physiology: Mineral Nutrition: i) Understanding the key biochemical and physiological processes that regulate mineral nutrition in the soil-plant system, such as nutrient absorption, translocation, and assimilation; ii) knowledge of the primary symptoms of deficiency and the respective analytical techniques for assessing the plant's nutritional status; iii) skills aimed at maximizing agricultural yields and quality while simultaneously reducing the environmental impact of agricultural practices.