Extragalactic Astrophysics

· Introduction

· Galaxies:
1. Classification and morphology (elliptical and spiral galaxies)
2. Photometry and spectroscopy
3. Scaling relations (Tully-Fisher, Faber-Jackson, Fundamental Plane)
4. Total mass measurements (dynamics, gravitational lensing) and the dark matter 'problem'
5. Stellar populations and chemical evolution
6. Interactions and transformations (tidal stripping, dynamical friction, galaxy merging, cluster effects)
7. Statistical properties (luminosity and stellar mass functions, size and colour distributions)
8. Central black holes and their co-evolution with the host galaxies
9. Active galaxies and QSOs: a unified picture for galaxy evolution

· Groups and clusters of galaxies:
1. The Local Group
2. Optical properties (morphological classification, spatial distribution of the stellar mass)
3. X-ray properties (X-ray radiation, models of the X-ray emission)
4. Total and hot-gas mass measurements (dynamics, X-ray, gravitational lensing) and the dark matter 'problem'
5. Scaling relations (virial mass - temperature, virial mass - velocity dispersion)
6. Evolutionary effects (distant clusters)

· The high redshift Universe:
1. The post-recombination Universe: the dark ages
2. The Lyman-alpha forest and the Gunn-Peterson test
3. Galaxies and QSOs at high redshift: search photometric techniques (photo-z, Lyman-break galaxies) e their properties
4. Reionization of the intergalactic medium at z > 10: Pop III stars or AGNs?
5. Radiative processes and escape fraction

· Galaxies and clusters in the standard cosmological model:
1. The halo model: relation between baryonic and dark-matter mass for galaxies and clusters
2. Introduction to numerical simulations: N-body, hydrodynamical, semi-analytical