Corso integrato di scienze interdisciplinari: cliniche con implicazioni oftalmiche

Cardiovascular risk factors, hypertension, diabetes, metabolic syndrome, heart failure, principles of therapy, and hematologic analysis.

Diabetes and its complications with emphasis on diabetic retinopathy
Endocrinology in general, the hypothalamus-pituitary-peripheral gland axes, feed back ssystems
Thyroid diseases with special attention to Graves-basedw orbitopathy
Pituitary diseases

Introduction to Rheumatological Diseases with Ocular Implications
· Definition and classification of rheumatological diseases.
· Anatomy and physiology of the eye relevant to understanding ocular manifestations.
· Methods of exploring the visual system: medical history, physical examination, instrumental investigations (e.g., fundus examination, OCT, visual field testing).
Rheumatological Diseases with Ocular Involvement
· Sjögren's Syndrome: Ocular manifestations (dry keratoconjunctivitis, sialoadenitis), diagnosis, clinical management.
· Giant Cell Arteritis (Temporal): Ocular manifestations (temporal artery arteritis, amaurosis fugax, anterior ischemic optic neuropathy), diagnostic urgency and treatment.
· Behçet's Syndrome: Ocular manifestations (uveitis, retinopathy), differential diagnosis and management.
· Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA): Ocular manifestations (anterior uveitis, iridocyclitis), impact on visual prognosis.
· Rheumatoid Arthritis: Ocular manifestations (secondary Sjögren's syndrome, episcleritis, scleritis), correlation with disease activity.
· Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE): Ocular manifestations (uveitis, retinopathy, dry keratoconjunctivitis), diagnosis and management.
· Wegener's Granulomatosis: Ocular manifestations (uveitis, proptosis), early diagnosis and treatment.
· Polyarteritis Nodosa: Ocular manifestations (retinal vasculitis), visual prognosis.
· Spondyloarthropathies (AS, Psoriatic, Reactive): Ocular manifestations (anterior uveitis), diagnosis and management.
Drug Toxicology
· Mechanisms of ocular toxicity of DMARDs (e.g., methotrexate, chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, sulfasalazine).
· Monitoring ocular toxicity: periodic examinations, management of adverse effects.
Diagnosis, Monitoring and Clinical Management
· Integrated diagnostic approach: correlation between systemic and ocular clinical manifestations.
· Strategies for monitoring ocular manifestations.
· Clinical management of ocular complications: pharmacological treatment, surgery.
· Role of the ophthalmologist in the multidisciplinary management of rheumatological diseases.

Program Introduction to Ocular Inflammations
· Definition and classification of ocular inflammations.
· Relevant anatomy and physiology of the eye for understanding inflammatory processes.
Clinical Aspects
· Symptoms and clinical signs of intraocular inflammations: focusing on aspects observable by the orthoptist (physical examination).
· Clinical documentation: data collection and description of observations.
Instrumental Diagnosis
· Imaging techniques: description and interpretation of images (OCT, Fluorescein Angiography, Ultrasound).
· Other instrumental tests: analysis and interpretation of results.
· Correlation between clinical findings and instrumental results.
Etiopathogenesis
· Autoimmune-origin inflammations: pathogenic mechanisms and examples of diseases.
· Infectious-origin inflammations: pathogens, infection mechanisms, and examples of diseases.
· Correlation between intraocular inflammation and systemic manifestations.
Therapy
· General principles of ocular inflammation therapy.
· Overview of the main classes of drugs used.
· Therapeutic approach based on the cause and severity of the inflammation

Introduction to Systemic Diseases and the Visual System
· Anatomy and physiology of the eye: brief review of main structures and their functions.
· Basic concepts of ocular pathology: definition of disease, etiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and therapy.
· Introduction to major systemic diseases with ocular involvement: diabetes mellitus, arterial hypertension, neurodegenerative diseases (e.g., Alzheimer's, Parkinson's).
Diabetic Retinopathy
· Epidemiology and risk factors of diabetic retinopathy.
· Pathogenesis: role of hyperglycemia and inflammatory processes.
· Classification of diabetic retinopathy: non-proliferative and proliferative retinopathy.
· Clinical manifestations: microaneurysms, hemorrhages, exudates, neovascularization.
· Diagnosis: fundus examination, fluorescein angiography, and indocyanine green (ICG) angiography.
· Monitoring and clinical management: glycemic control, pharmacological therapy (anti-VEGF), laser therapy.
· Complications: diabetic macular edema, neovascular glaucoma.
Hypertensive Retinopathy
· Epidemiology and risk factors of hypertensive retinopathy.
· Pathogenesis: role of arterial hypertension and vascular damage.
· Clinical manifestations: arteriolar narrowing, hemorrhages, exudates, papilledema.
· Diagnosis: fundus examination, possible intraocular pressure measurement.
· Monitoring and clinical management: blood pressure control, pharmacological therapy (antihypertensives).
Neurodegenerative Diseases and Ocular Manifestations
· Alzheimer's disease: ocular manifestations (e.g., ocular movement alterations, visuospatial deficits).
· Parkinson's disease: ocular manifestations (e.g., gaze palsy, ocular motility disturbances).
· Other neurodegenerative diseases: brief overview of other conditions with possible ocular involvement.
· Diagnosis: neurological evaluation, fundus examination, electrophysiology.
· Monitoring and clinical management: multidisciplinary approach, pharmacological and rehabilitative therapy.
Interdisciplinary Approach and Case Studies
· Interdisciplinary approach to managing systemic diseases with ocular involvement: role of the ophthalmologist, diabetologist, neurologist, etc.
· Case study analysis: discussion of real cases to deepen acquired knowledge.
· Advanced diagnostic techniques: OCT, visual field, etc.

- Anatomy of the skin
- Elemental dermatologic lesions
- Inflammatory pathologies of the eyelid area
- Tumor pathologies of the eyelid area

· Strabismus
· Amblyopia
· Restrictive syndromes
· Ocular paralysis
· Instrumental diagnostic tests:
· Computerized and kinetic perimetry
· Optical coherence tomography (OCT)
· Corneal topography
· Biometry