Clinical Pathology - Clinical Chemistry
A.Y. 2024/2025
Learning objectives
The general objective of the Integrated Course is to provide students with the basis for a rational use of Laboratory Diagnostics to optimize the diagnostic-therapeutic pathway. This is achieved by managing laboratory investigations with respect to biological and pathophysiological processes concerning organ and systemic apparatuses, and metabolic systems. Aspects related to a correct clinical methodological approach are highlighted, including the appropriateness of the request for diagnostic investigations, the evaluation of their clinical efficacy and the impact on the patient outcome.
Expected learning outcomes
Students will acquire fundamental knowledges about Laboratory Medicine for requesting, in an appropriate way, laboratory investigations and for critically interpreting test results for diagnostic, prognostic, and follow-up purposes.
Lesson period: First semester
Assessment methods: Esame
Assessment result: voto verbalizzato in trentesimi
Single course
This course cannot be attended as a single course. Please check our list of single courses to find the ones available for enrolment.
Course syllabus and organization
Linea Policlinico
Prerequisites for admission
Students must know the physiopathological basis of the most important disease states, the biochemical and immunological aspects
Assessment methods and Criteria
The Learning tests are written tests on an open topic
Clinical biochemistry and molecular biology
Course syllabus
Clinical utility of laboratory tests
Interpretation of laboratory tests (reference intervals, cut-off values, ROC curves)
Analytical and biological variability
Cardiac and cardio-vascular biomarkers
Tests for the assessment of kidney function
Tests for the assessment of liver and pancreatic function
Tests for erythropathies and iron metabolism disorders
Tests for the laboratory management of diabetes mellitus
Markers of bone metabolism
Tumor markers
Practical aspects related to plasma proteins electrophoresis and urinary sediment analysis
Interpretation of laboratory tests (reference intervals, cut-off values, ROC curves)
Analytical and biological variability
Cardiac and cardio-vascular biomarkers
Tests for the assessment of kidney function
Tests for the assessment of liver and pancreatic function
Tests for erythropathies and iron metabolism disorders
Tests for the laboratory management of diabetes mellitus
Markers of bone metabolism
Tumor markers
Practical aspects related to plasma proteins electrophoresis and urinary sediment analysis
Teaching methods
Lessons are prepared slide lessons, and are uploaded to ariel as well as delivered to students
Teaching Resources
The presentations of all the lectures are available through the Ariel website, as well as the suggested readings (usually one reading per lecture).
Reference textbooks are the following:
1) Marcello Ciaccio, Giuseppe Lippi. Biochimica Clinica e Medicina di Laboratorio. EdiSES srl, Napoli, 2018.
2) Elisabetta Albi con Tommaso Beccari e Samuela Cataldi. Biochimica clinica essenziale, dal laboratorio ai quadri di patologia clinica. Zanichelli, Bologna, 2019.
3) Nader Rifai, Andrea R. Howarth, Carl T. Wittwer. Tietz textbook of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics. Elsevier, 2018.
Reference textbooks are the following:
1) Marcello Ciaccio, Giuseppe Lippi. Biochimica Clinica e Medicina di Laboratorio. EdiSES srl, Napoli, 2018.
2) Elisabetta Albi con Tommaso Beccari e Samuela Cataldi. Biochimica clinica essenziale, dal laboratorio ai quadri di patologia clinica. Zanichelli, Bologna, 2019.
3) Nader Rifai, Andrea R. Howarth, Carl T. Wittwer. Tietz textbook of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics. Elsevier, 2018.
Microbiology and clinical microbiology
Course syllabus
THE RATIONALE OF DIAGNOSTIC SERVICES MEDICINE
Role, purpose, potential, limitations of laboratory medicine in the protection of health
Laboratory intervention levels also related to cost/benefit ratio
Operation of a centralized laboratory; organizational, technical and economic aspects.
Variability of a diagnostic test.
Pre-analytic phase:
Rules to be followed by the patient: Patient identification, request of the examination, collection of the sample, handling of the sample, accession to the diagnostic facilities. Time for availability of results.
Analytical phase:
Principles on which the common analytical techniques used in clinical biochemistry, clinical pathology and clinical microbiology are based.
Assumptions on which the validity of the laboratory data is based
Post-analytical phase:
Criteria for the interpretation of the results of the laboratory tests, based also on the patient's clinical history on the reality of collectivity.
CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY
Diagnosis of infections:
Direct and indirect diagnosis of infection
Importance of diagnostic suspicion in microbiological investigation
Influence of the characteristics of the infectious agents for proper performance of microbiological sampling
Knowledge of the main methods of direct and indirect microbiological investigations
Interpretation of the microbiological report in relation to the phase of infection (recent, past or chronic for serological investigations) and to the therapeutic orientation (tests of sensitivity to antimicrobial drugs) and bacterial resistance to antibiotics.
Direct and indirect diagnostic investigations and interpretation of the report for:
Viral hepatitis (HBV, HCV, HAV, HEV, HDV
HIV and related opportunistic infections
Bacteremia and fungemie
Meningitis
Sexually transmitted infections
Respiratory and genitourinary infections
Infection control:
Concept of nosocomial infections, related to health care and community
Main nosocomial infectious agents and related issues
The TORCH complex and the preventive methodologies
Role, purpose, potential, limitations of laboratory medicine in the protection of health
Laboratory intervention levels also related to cost/benefit ratio
Operation of a centralized laboratory; organizational, technical and economic aspects.
Variability of a diagnostic test.
Pre-analytic phase:
Rules to be followed by the patient: Patient identification, request of the examination, collection of the sample, handling of the sample, accession to the diagnostic facilities. Time for availability of results.
Analytical phase:
Principles on which the common analytical techniques used in clinical biochemistry, clinical pathology and clinical microbiology are based.
Assumptions on which the validity of the laboratory data is based
Post-analytical phase:
Criteria for the interpretation of the results of the laboratory tests, based also on the patient's clinical history on the reality of collectivity.
CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY
Diagnosis of infections:
Direct and indirect diagnosis of infection
Importance of diagnostic suspicion in microbiological investigation
Influence of the characteristics of the infectious agents for proper performance of microbiological sampling
Knowledge of the main methods of direct and indirect microbiological investigations
Interpretation of the microbiological report in relation to the phase of infection (recent, past or chronic for serological investigations) and to the therapeutic orientation (tests of sensitivity to antimicrobial drugs) and bacterial resistance to antibiotics.
Direct and indirect diagnostic investigations and interpretation of the report for:
Viral hepatitis (HBV, HCV, HAV, HEV, HDV
HIV and related opportunistic infections
Bacteremia and fungemie
Meningitis
Sexually transmitted infections
Respiratory and genitourinary infections
Infection control:
Concept of nosocomial infections, related to health care and community
Main nosocomial infectious agents and related issues
The TORCH complex and the preventive methodologies
Teaching methods
The course (1 total CFU) is provided with lectures (12 hours in the classroom)
Teaching Resources
Microbiologia Clinica
· Antonelli G., M. Clementi, G. Pozzi, G.M. Rossolini - Principi di Microbiologia Medica - Casa Editrice Ambrosiana, Rozzano (MI);
· Murray P.R., K.S. Rosenthal, M.A. Pfaller - Microbiologia Medica, EDRA, Milano).
o in alternativa/alternatively:
· Lanciotti E, Microbiologia Clinica, Casa Editrice Ambrosiana, Rozzano (MI)
· Antonelli G., M. Clementi, G. Pozzi, G.M. Rossolini - Principi di Microbiologia Medica - Casa Editrice Ambrosiana, Rozzano (MI);
· Murray P.R., K.S. Rosenthal, M.A. Pfaller - Microbiologia Medica, EDRA, Milano).
o in alternativa/alternatively:
· Lanciotti E, Microbiologia Clinica, Casa Editrice Ambrosiana, Rozzano (MI)
Clinical pathology
Course syllabus
Hemocoromocytometric, Coagulation, Autoimmune Diseases Diagnostics, Thyroid Activity Diagnostics, Hydroelectrolytic Balance
Teaching methods
Lessons are prepared slide lessons, and are uploaded to ariel as well as delivered to students
Teaching Resources
Antonozzi-Gulletta, Medicina di laboratorio: logica e patologia clinica , PICCIN, Padova
Recommended books are: Antonozzi-Gulletta, Laboratory medicine: logic and clinical pathology, PICCIN, Padua
Recommended books are: Antonozzi-Gulletta, Laboratory medicine: logic and clinical pathology, PICCIN, Padua
Clinical biochemistry and molecular biology
BIO/12 - CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY - University credits: 2
Lessons: 16 hours
: 8 hours
: 8 hours
Professors:
Barassi Alessandra, Capitanio Daniele
Shifts:
Clinical pathology
MED/05 - CLINICAL PATHOLOGY - University credits: 1
Lessons: 8 hours
: 4 hours
: 4 hours
Professor:
Drago Lorenzo
Shifts:
Turno
Professor:
Drago Lorenzo
Microbiology and clinical microbiology
MED/07 - MICROBIOLOGY AND CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY - University credits: 1
Lessons: 8 hours
: 4 hours
: 4 hours
Professor:
Corsi Romanelli Massimiliano Marco
Shifts:
Turno
Professor:
Corsi Romanelli Massimiliano MarcoLinea San Donato
Prerequisites for admission
Students must know the physiopathological basis of the most important disease states, the biochemical and immunological aspects
Assessment methods and Criteria
The Learning tests are written tests.
Clinical biochemistry and molecular biology
Course syllabus
Clinical utility of laboratory tests
Interpretation of laboratory tests (reference intervals, cut-off values, ROC curves)
Analytical and biological variability
Cardiac and cardio-vascular biomarkers
Tests for the assessment of kidney function
Tests for the assessment of liver and pancreatic function
Tests for erythropathies and iron metabolism disorders
Tests for the laboratory management of diabetes mellitus
Markers of bone metabolism
Tumor markers
Practical aspects related to plasma proteins electrophoresis and urinary sediment analysis
Interpretation of laboratory tests (reference intervals, cut-off values, ROC curves)
Analytical and biological variability
Cardiac and cardio-vascular biomarkers
Tests for the assessment of kidney function
Tests for the assessment of liver and pancreatic function
Tests for erythropathies and iron metabolism disorders
Tests for the laboratory management of diabetes mellitus
Markers of bone metabolism
Tumor markers
Practical aspects related to plasma proteins electrophoresis and urinary sediment analysis
Teaching methods
Lessons are prepared slide lessons, and are uploaded to ariel as well as delivered to students
Teaching Resources
The presentations of all the lectures are available through the Ariel website, as well as the suggested readings (usually one reading per lecture).
Reference textbooks are the following:
1) Marcello Ciaccio, Giuseppe Lippi. Biochimica Clinica e Medicina di Laboratorio. EdiSES srl, Napoli, 2018.
2) Elisabetta Albi con Tommaso Beccari e Samuela Cataldi. Biochimica clinica essenziale, dal laboratorio ai quadri di patologia clinica. Zanichelli, Bologna, 2019.
3) Nader Rifai, Andrea R. Howarth, Carl T. Wittwer. Tietz textbook of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics. Elsevier, 2018.
Reference textbooks are the following:
1) Marcello Ciaccio, Giuseppe Lippi. Biochimica Clinica e Medicina di Laboratorio. EdiSES srl, Napoli, 2018.
2) Elisabetta Albi con Tommaso Beccari e Samuela Cataldi. Biochimica clinica essenziale, dal laboratorio ai quadri di patologia clinica. Zanichelli, Bologna, 2019.
3) Nader Rifai, Andrea R. Howarth, Carl T. Wittwer. Tietz textbook of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics. Elsevier, 2018.
Microbiology and clinical microbiology
Course syllabus
The course includes the presentation and discussion of the following topics, divided into:
1) understanding of the diagnostic pathways envisaged for the main infectious diseases;
2) understanding of the main investigation techniques of diseases with microbial etiology.
Diagnostic paths in the Clinical Microbiology laboratory
- Pre-analytical phase (from diagnostic suspicion to investigation request): diagnostic question, relationship with the patient, sampling, collection, conservation and validity of biological samples.
- Analytical phase: Direct and indirect diagnosis. Direct diagnosis methods: cultural (traditional) and non-cultural (rapid). Indirect diagnosis methods: serological tests. Antibiogram: choice of antibiotics to test; methods for the essay
- Post-analytical phase: microbiological report and its interpretation; interpretative criteria and therapeutic framework.
Diagnostic path for the main infectious diseases affecting:
- Central nervous system
- Lower and upper respiratory tract
- Urinary system
- Genital system
- Gastrointestinal system
- Blood circulation
1) understanding of the diagnostic pathways envisaged for the main infectious diseases;
2) understanding of the main investigation techniques of diseases with microbial etiology.
Diagnostic paths in the Clinical Microbiology laboratory
- Pre-analytical phase (from diagnostic suspicion to investigation request): diagnostic question, relationship with the patient, sampling, collection, conservation and validity of biological samples.
- Analytical phase: Direct and indirect diagnosis. Direct diagnosis methods: cultural (traditional) and non-cultural (rapid). Indirect diagnosis methods: serological tests. Antibiogram: choice of antibiotics to test; methods for the essay
- Post-analytical phase: microbiological report and its interpretation; interpretative criteria and therapeutic framework.
Diagnostic path for the main infectious diseases affecting:
- Central nervous system
- Lower and upper respiratory tract
- Urinary system
- Genital system
- Gastrointestinal system
- Blood circulation
Teaching methods
The teaching consists of 12 hours of lectures (1 CFU). The presentations of all the lectures are available through the MyAriel website.
Teaching Resources
- Federici G., et al: Medicina di laboratorio (McGraw-Hill ed.)
- Laposada M.: Medicina di laboratorio (PICCIN ed.)
- Antonelli G., et al: Principi di Microbiologia Medica (Casa Editrice Ambrosiana, Milano)
- Murray P.R., et al: Microbiologia Medica (EDRA, Milano)
- Laposada M.: Medicina di laboratorio (PICCIN ed.)
- Antonelli G., et al: Principi di Microbiologia Medica (Casa Editrice Ambrosiana, Milano)
- Murray P.R., et al: Microbiologia Medica (EDRA, Milano)
Clinical pathology
Course syllabus
Hemocoromocytometric, Coagulation, Autoimmune Diseases Diagnostics, Thyroid Activity Diagnostics, Hydroelectrolytic Balance
Teaching methods
Lessons are prepared slide lessons, and are uploaded to ariel as well as delivered to students
Teaching Resources
Antonozzi-Gulletta, Medicina di laboratorio: logica e patologia clinica, PICCIN, Padova
Recommended books are: Antonozzi-Gulletta, Laboratory medicine: logic and clinical pathology, PICCIN, Padua
Recommended books are: Antonozzi-Gulletta, Laboratory medicine: logic and clinical pathology, PICCIN, Padua
Clinical biochemistry and molecular biology
BIO/12 - CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY - University credits: 2
Lessons: 16 hours
: 8 hours
: 8 hours
Professor:
Capitanio Daniele
Shifts:
Turno
Professor:
Capitanio Daniele
Clinical pathology
MED/05 - CLINICAL PATHOLOGY - University credits: 1
Lessons: 8 hours
: 4 hours
: 4 hours
Professor:
Corsi Romanelli Massimiliano Marco
Shifts:
Turno
Professor:
Corsi Romanelli Massimiliano Marco
Microbiology and clinical microbiology
MED/07 - MICROBIOLOGY AND CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY - University credits: 1
Lessons: 8 hours
: 4 hours
: 4 hours
Professor:
Bianchi Silvia
Shifts:
Turno
Professor:
Bianchi SilviaEducational website(s)
Professor(s)
Reception:
By appointment via e-mail
LITA Segrate - Via F.lli Cervi 93, 20090 Segrate (MI)
Reception:
11.00 - 12.00 on Monday by appointment
Direzione Laboratorio Clinico Generale con Aree Specialistiche. IRCCS Multimedica, Via Fantoli 15/16, Milano (Italy). Tel. 02.5540 6642 - Laboratorio di Microbiologia Clinica, Via Mangiagalli, 31 - Milano