Physics and Statistics

- - Introduction: role of measurement in Physics, International System of Units of Measurement, physical quantities and units of measurement, references to vectors and operations on vectors, scalar and vector quantities. - Mechanics: - Kinematics, uniform rectilinear motion, uniformly accelerated motion, harmonic motion. - Dynamics, principles of dynamics, forces, mechanical work, kinetic energy, potential energy (gravitational and elastic). - Wave phenomena: - Types of waves, elastic forces and oscillatory motions, damped oscillations and resonance, longitudinal and transverse waves, Fourier's theorem, sinusoidal wave propagation equation, wave characteristics: frequency, wavelength, velocity propagation - Superposition of waves: interference, standing waves (with nodes or troughs at the constraint). Sound waves: frequency, amplitude; height, intensity and timbre of the wave; sound power; sound intensity; sound intensity level and measurement in decibels; Doppler effect.

1.Metrology (3 Hours):
direct and indirect measurements, physical quantities, units of measurement, measuring instruments, characteristics and criteria for choosing measuring instruments, sensitivity, precision and readiness; Systematic and random errors, confidence intervals; orders of magnitude and significant figures.

2. Study of uncertainties in physical measurements (3 hours):
error propagation (sum, difference, product, quotient, quadrature sum). Measurement errors and their representation: confidence interval, significant figures, consistency / discrepancy between measurements, verification of physical laws.

3. Electricity elements (6 Hours):
Coulomb's law. Electrostatic field. Gauss theorem and its applications. Electrostatic potential. Conductors and insulators. Capacity concept. Series and parallel capacitors. Dielectric effect in capacitors. Energy stored in a condenser. The movement of the charges: intensity of electric current. Ohmic conductors. Ohm's laws. The power associated with a device as a function of current and voltage. Ideal voltage generators. Internal resistance of the generator. Introduction to Kirchhoff's laws of circuits. Resolution of a circuit. Series and parallel resistors.

4. Elements of magnetostatics (3 hours):
General information on the magnetic field. Lorentz force. Magnetic field flow. Outline of the magnetic behavior of materials: diamagnetism, paramagnetism, ferromagnetism.

5. Instrumentation for electrical measurements (3):
Ammeters, Voltmeters, Basic operating principles. Digital tester and multimeter. Operating principles and applications.

6. Dedicated exercises (2 hours)

1. The statistical language
- what the medical statistician does
- data collection
- the measurement scales of the information collected
- how to summarize and describe the data
- critical interpretation of the data
- images and numbers as a description tool
- one thing at a time or several things together: describe individual aspects or describe relationships.
2. Uncertainty
- how to deal with uncertainty
- how to make it an instrument of knowledge
- know the probabilities and quantify the risks
- measurement errors and their distribution.
- an example of certain uncertainties: population screening
3. How to build knowledge
- epidemiological studies and clinical studies: what they are, how they plan, which tools they use
- the uncertain causal relationship: measuring the risks and understanding their significance in the epidemiological field
4. Know through (and despite) the case
- know how to use the appropriate rules
- from population to sample, from sample to population
- put trust in what I see to know what I don't see (inference)
- the confidence interval or perhaps a very precise one