Analytical Chemistry and Physical Chemistry

Analytical Chemistry
Statistical analyses of experimental data: errors in chemical analyses, statistical error treatment, confidence intervals, error propagation, t test, variance analysis.
Samples and analytical methods: sampling, standardization, calibration, sources and treatment of the error in the analytical process, characteristics of an analytical method (accuracy, precision, specificity and selectivity, linearity range, robustness).
Chemical equilibria: aqueous solutions, buffer solutions, multiple equilibria.
Classic methods of analysis: gravimetric analysis, titrations, neutralization titrations, complex acid / base systems, complexation and precipitation reactions and titrations. Applications.

Physical chemistry
Mathematical Intro:
Short recap of derivatives and Riemann integration. Short introduction to function differentials and partial derivatives.
Thermodynamics:
Property of gases. Perfect gases. Thermodynamical equilibrium. Reversibility of thermodynamical processes. First principle of thermodynamics. Thermochemistry. Second principle of thermodynamics. Entropy. Gibbs free energy. Chemical potential of a pure species. Third principle of thermodynamics. Chemical potential of a species in a mixture. Phase transitions of pure species. Chemical activity. Chemical equilibrium. Equilibrium constants. Dependence of the chemical equilibrium on temperature and pressure. Phase diagrams for ideal mixtures. Deviations from ideality: azeotropes and eutectics.
Chemical kinetics:
Rate of chemical reactions. Order of a chemical reaction. Empirical kinetics equations. Methods to determine the order of a chemical reaction. Brief introduction to complex reactions and to enzymatic kinetics (Michaelis-Menten mechanism). Short introduction to transition state theory.

Physical chemistry:
- Mathematical Intro:
Short recap of derivatives and Riemann integration. Short introduction to function differentials and partial derivatives.

- Thermodynamics:
Property of gases. Perfect gases. Thermodynamical equilibrium. Reversibility of thermodynamical processes. First principle of thermodynamics. Thermochemistry. Second principle of thermodynamics. Entropy. Gibbs free energy. Chemical potential of a pure species. Third principle of thermodynamics. Chemical potential of a species in a mixture. Phase transitions of pure species. Phase diagrams for ideal mixtures. Deviations from ideality: azeotropes and eutectics.

- Chemical kinetics:
Rate of chemical reactions. Order of a chemical reaction. Empirical kinetics equations. Methods to determine the order of a chemical reaction. Brief introduction to complex reactions and to enzymatic kinetics (Michaelis-Menten mechanism). Short introduction to transition state theory.

Analytical chemistry:
1) Fundamentals:
The result of a measurement and experimental errors, uncertainty and number of significative digits. Different types of errors (systematic errors and accidental errors), accuracy, precision, representativeness, exactness.

2) Evaluation and statistical treatment of experimental data:
Introduction to statistics and to the use of spreadsheets: probability and Gaussian distribution function. Statistical test: z-test; t-test; f-test; q-test. Standard uncertainty and confidence interval.

3) Calibration methods:
Correlation and regression: least squares method; external standard method; internal standard method; standard additions method; multivariate methods (basics). Sensitivity, selectivity, dynamical interval, robustness, detection limit, identification limit, quantity limit, validation of a method, recovery test.

4) Equilibria in solution and classical analytical methods:
Activity and concentration; systematic treatment of the chemical equilibrium; acid-base equilibria; solubility equilibria; metal-ligand equilibria (basics); redox equilibria (basics).