Veterinary General Pathology and Clinical Biochemistry
A.Y. 2021/2022
Learning objectives
To provide knowledge about the pathogenic mechanisms responsible of the pathologic changes detectable in domestic and wild animals. Students will be also educated to select appropriate clinical biochemistry and molecular biology methods and to elaborate, interpret and understand the limitation of the test results.
Expected learning outcomes
Knowledge and understanding: the student will acquire knowledge on the etiopathogenesis of the main pathological and pathophysiological changes in animal tissues and organ systems and on the analytical techniques commonly used in veterinary clinical chemistry, biochemistry and molecular biology.
Ability to apply knowledge and understanding: the student will acquire skills to interpret the most common pathological and pathophysiological changes and the associated laboratory abnormalities, as well as to select the most appropriate biochemical and molecular methods to measure diagnostic markers of disease in biological samples of animal origin. The student will learn how to process an instrumental reading into the concentration of a diagnostic molecular marker, and on how to interpret the diagnostic value of a laboratory result, how to control the source of error of laboratory's tests and the principle of quality insurance.
Autonomy of judgment: the student will develop problem solving abilities and autonomy of judgment by tackling problems of diagnostic clinical pathology and biochemistry during practical exercises in laboratories (biochemistry, microscopy and computer labs). The ability to integrate notions taught in the different modules will also developed by proposing to small group of students clinical cases that they must evaluate and solve autonomously as regards the aspects of pathology, immunopathology and clinical biochemistry.
Communication skills: the student during the class discussion and practical laboratory exercises will learn how to present pathology and clinical biochemistry data with appropriate and updated terminology, consistent with the professionalism required by a veterinarian surgeon. Communication skills will be as well developed during collegial discussions of the diagnostic pathology and biochemistry matters of the clinical cases that the students previously faced by themselves.
Lifelong learning skills: the reasoning skills and the notions and methodologies acquired during the classes should allow the student to continue autonomously the study and the lifelong updating of his knowledge on tissue and organ pathological and pathophysiological alterations, as well as on the method of analysis of clinical biochemistry markers of disease, both during the university career and then as a veterinarian.
Ability to apply knowledge and understanding: the student will acquire skills to interpret the most common pathological and pathophysiological changes and the associated laboratory abnormalities, as well as to select the most appropriate biochemical and molecular methods to measure diagnostic markers of disease in biological samples of animal origin. The student will learn how to process an instrumental reading into the concentration of a diagnostic molecular marker, and on how to interpret the diagnostic value of a laboratory result, how to control the source of error of laboratory's tests and the principle of quality insurance.
Autonomy of judgment: the student will develop problem solving abilities and autonomy of judgment by tackling problems of diagnostic clinical pathology and biochemistry during practical exercises in laboratories (biochemistry, microscopy and computer labs). The ability to integrate notions taught in the different modules will also developed by proposing to small group of students clinical cases that they must evaluate and solve autonomously as regards the aspects of pathology, immunopathology and clinical biochemistry.
Communication skills: the student during the class discussion and practical laboratory exercises will learn how to present pathology and clinical biochemistry data with appropriate and updated terminology, consistent with the professionalism required by a veterinarian surgeon. Communication skills will be as well developed during collegial discussions of the diagnostic pathology and biochemistry matters of the clinical cases that the students previously faced by themselves.
Lifelong learning skills: the reasoning skills and the notions and methodologies acquired during the classes should allow the student to continue autonomously the study and the lifelong updating of his knowledge on tissue and organ pathological and pathophysiological alterations, as well as on the method of analysis of clinical biochemistry markers of disease, both during the university career and then as a veterinarian.
Lesson period: Second semester
Assessment methods: Esame
Assessment result: voto verbalizzato in trentesimi
Single course
This course cannot be attended as a single course. Please check our list of single courses to find the ones available for enrolment.
Course syllabus and organization
Single session
Responsible
Lesson period
Second semester
More specific
information on the delivery modes of training activities for a.y. 2021-22
will be provided over the coming months, based on the evolution of the
public health situation
information on the delivery modes of training activities for a.y. 2021-22
will be provided over the coming months, based on the evolution of the
public health situation
Prerequisites for admission
Attendance to lectures and practices of the three modules and passing the exams of propedeutical courses (barrier exam) of:
- Batteriologia, virologia e immunologia veterinaria
- Anatomia veterinaria sistematica e comparata 3
- Fisiologia ed endocrinologia degli animali domestici
- Fisiologia ed etologia degli animali domestici
- Batteriologia, virologia e immunologia veterinaria
- Anatomia veterinaria sistematica e comparata 3
- Fisiologia ed endocrinologia degli animali domestici
- Fisiologia ed etologia degli animali domestici
Assessment methods and Criteria
Assessment methods and criteria
- There are 8 exam session, taking place in: January, February, April, June, July, September, October, November / December. Two extra exam sessions only for students enrolled in supplementary years take place in March and May.
- To take the exam it is compulsory to register trough the SIFA online service (N.B.: registration closes 3 days before the exam date) and the propaedeutic exams must have been passed.
- The final score is the weighted mean of the score recorded in the modules of clinical biochemistry (4 cfu) and of general pathology, pathophysiology and immunology (8 cfu) that will be handled as follows:
MODULES OF GENERAL PATHOLOGY, PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY
1) written test with 16 questions: 8MCQs and 8 open, the latter with a "list format" (e.g. list 3 changes consistent with apoptosis). The test must be completed in 30 minutes
- For each correct MCQ and for each correct answer of the list: 1 point
Total score of the written test: 32 points (16 for general pathology; 12 for pathophysiology, 4 for immunopathology)
- Passing mark: 18 points
- The passing mark may vary according to the hang off method (the passing threshold is recalculated based on the ratio between the mean score of passing student and the expected max total score, e.g. max score = 32, threshold 18; mean score = 27, new threshold: 27/32=x/18 x= 15)
Candidates that passed the written exam but are not satisfied of the score may ask to add an oral exam by sending an e-mail to the teacher in the day of publication o results on the Ariel website. The schedule of oral exams will be communicated within the next day
the oral exam for candidates that want to modify the score of the written exam is composed by three questions (1 gen path; 1 pathophysiol; 1 immunopathol). In this case the final score will be calculated based on the mean of the two scores (written and oral exam)
MODULE OF CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY
- The final examination is a written test followed by a short optional interview.
- The written test (maximum 60 min) consists of three sections: (A) sixteen multiple choice and/or completion type questions on theory and practice of analytical methods commonly used in veterinary diagnostics laboratories; (B) two open-ended questions on theory and practice of analytical methods commonly used in veterinary diagnostics laboratories, and in which the student must demonstrate to be able to process the instrumental reading to obtain a diagnostic value; (C) five calculation questions, i.e. exercise conversion between units of measurement, preparation of solutions and dilutions, enzyme activity measure, simple calculations to transform an instrument reading into the concentration of the analyte.
- Examination rate. Section A (12 points): 0,75 points for a correct answer, 0,4 points for each partially correct answer, zero points for a wrong answer. Section B (12 points): six points maximum each answer. Section C (6 points): 1,2 points for each correct answer, 0,6 point for each partially correct answer, zero points for each wrong answer.
- The interview is optional and aimed to discuss possible misinterpretation of the answers by the teacher.
- The written exam can be viewed by the student at the oral exam or at any time by appointment via email.
- There are 8 exam session, taking place in: January, February, April, June, July, September, October, November / December. Two extra exam sessions only for students enrolled in supplementary years take place in March and May.
- To take the exam it is compulsory to register trough the SIFA online service (N.B.: registration closes 3 days before the exam date) and the propaedeutic exams must have been passed.
- The final score is the weighted mean of the score recorded in the modules of clinical biochemistry (4 cfu) and of general pathology, pathophysiology and immunology (8 cfu) that will be handled as follows:
MODULES OF GENERAL PATHOLOGY, PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY
1) written test with 16 questions: 8MCQs and 8 open, the latter with a "list format" (e.g. list 3 changes consistent with apoptosis). The test must be completed in 30 minutes
- For each correct MCQ and for each correct answer of the list: 1 point
Total score of the written test: 32 points (16 for general pathology; 12 for pathophysiology, 4 for immunopathology)
- Passing mark: 18 points
- The passing mark may vary according to the hang off method (the passing threshold is recalculated based on the ratio between the mean score of passing student and the expected max total score, e.g. max score = 32, threshold 18; mean score = 27, new threshold: 27/32=x/18 x= 15)
Candidates that passed the written exam but are not satisfied of the score may ask to add an oral exam by sending an e-mail to the teacher in the day of publication o results on the Ariel website. The schedule of oral exams will be communicated within the next day
the oral exam for candidates that want to modify the score of the written exam is composed by three questions (1 gen path; 1 pathophysiol; 1 immunopathol). In this case the final score will be calculated based on the mean of the two scores (written and oral exam)
MODULE OF CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY
- The final examination is a written test followed by a short optional interview.
- The written test (maximum 60 min) consists of three sections: (A) sixteen multiple choice and/or completion type questions on theory and practice of analytical methods commonly used in veterinary diagnostics laboratories; (B) two open-ended questions on theory and practice of analytical methods commonly used in veterinary diagnostics laboratories, and in which the student must demonstrate to be able to process the instrumental reading to obtain a diagnostic value; (C) five calculation questions, i.e. exercise conversion between units of measurement, preparation of solutions and dilutions, enzyme activity measure, simple calculations to transform an instrument reading into the concentration of the analyte.
- Examination rate. Section A (12 points): 0,75 points for a correct answer, 0,4 points for each partially correct answer, zero points for a wrong answer. Section B (12 points): six points maximum each answer. Section C (6 points): 1,2 points for each correct answer, 0,6 point for each partially correct answer, zero points for each wrong answer.
- The interview is optional and aimed to discuss possible misinterpretation of the answers by the teacher.
- The written exam can be viewed by the student at the oral exam or at any time by appointment via email.
General Veterinary pathology
Course syllabus
Introduction (introductory concepts, i.e. homeostasis and disease) 1 hour
General etiology (Radiations, burns; chemical causes of diseases; infectious agents; genetic-hereditary diseases) 4 hours
Cell and tissue death (Necrosis Apoptosis) 2 hours
Adaptive mechanisms (Hypertrophy, Hypotrophy, Metaplasia) 2 hours
Cellular degeneration (Cell swelling, Hydropic degeneration, Vacuolar degeneration, Mucous degeneration, Fatty degeneration, Cholesterinosis - atheroma) 4 ore
Extracellular degeneration (Jaline, fibrinoid, mucous, amyloid) 3 hours
Acute inflammation (Inflammatory vascular changes, Cell activation, diapedesis and phagocytosis, chemical mediators, exudates, the acute phase reaction) 6 hours
Chronic inflammation (interstitial inflammation, granuloma) 2 hours
Tissue repair (Mechanisms of tissue repair) 2 hours
Tumours (Terminology, neoplastic atypia, Oncogenesis and molecular oncogenesis phases of neoplastic development, metastases, cachexia and paraneoplastic syndromes, immunity against tumors) 6 hours
General etiology (Radiations, burns; chemical causes of diseases; infectious agents; genetic-hereditary diseases) 4 hours
Cell and tissue death (Necrosis Apoptosis) 2 hours
Adaptive mechanisms (Hypertrophy, Hypotrophy, Metaplasia) 2 hours
Cellular degeneration (Cell swelling, Hydropic degeneration, Vacuolar degeneration, Mucous degeneration, Fatty degeneration, Cholesterinosis - atheroma) 4 ore
Extracellular degeneration (Jaline, fibrinoid, mucous, amyloid) 3 hours
Acute inflammation (Inflammatory vascular changes, Cell activation, diapedesis and phagocytosis, chemical mediators, exudates, the acute phase reaction) 6 hours
Chronic inflammation (interstitial inflammation, granuloma) 2 hours
Tissue repair (Mechanisms of tissue repair) 2 hours
Tumours (Terminology, neoplastic atypia, Oncogenesis and molecular oncogenesis phases of neoplastic development, metastases, cachexia and paraneoplastic syndromes, immunity against tumors) 6 hours
Teaching methods
Lectures with projected slides containing text, diagrams or images and videos. During lectures specific aspects will be exploited through interactive discussions and at the end of any group of topics a web based self evaluation test will be run
Teaching Resources
Slides or CD-ROM or "on-line" version : http://ariel.ctu.unimi.it
McGAVIN e ZACHARY - Patologia Generale Veterinaria - Elsevier Masson 2008
PONTIERI - Patologia Generale -1 e 2 (2 per fisiopatologia) - Piccin. Ultima edizione
ROBBINS - Pathologic basis of the disease - 6° (2000)/7° (2004) ed. Saunders
McGAVIN e ZACHARY - Patologia Generale Veterinaria - Elsevier Masson 2008
PONTIERI - Patologia Generale -1 e 2 (2 per fisiopatologia) - Piccin. Ultima edizione
ROBBINS - Pathologic basis of the disease - 6° (2000)/7° (2004) ed. Saunders
Pathophysiology and immunopathology
Course syllabus
Lectures
Pathophysiology of blood cells, fluids and proteins (Volemia, anemia, polycythemia, Leucopaenia, leucocytosis, Thromboctytopenia, changes of plasma protein) 5 hours
Pathophysiology of the endocrine system (Hyper- and hypofunction of hypophysis, thyroid, adrenal glands, including stress, diabetes) 5 hours
Pathophysiology of metabolism (Bovine ketosis, neonatal hypoglycemia of swine, milk fever) 4 hours
Disturbances of the circulatory system (Hyperemia, Edema, Ischemia, Infarct, Thrombosis, Embolizaton, Shock) 2 hours
Pathophysiology of thermoregulation (febrile and non febrile hyperthermia) 1 hour
Jaundice. 1 hour
Organ function tests (Principles of interpretation, tests for liver functions) 1 hour
Immunopathology (Hypersensitivity reactions (Type I, II, III, IV), Autoimmune diseases, Immunodeficiencies 5 hours
Practicals
Laboratory methods (seminar in the classroom to the whole studentship) 2 hours
Preanalytical and analytical errors (seminar in the classroom to the whole studentship) 2 hours
Handling and analysis of blood (max 20 students per group in the laboratory) Cell counts, execution of blood smears, Centrifugation and biochemical analysis using automated methods 2 hours
Reading of blood smears (max 30 student per group with individual microscopes) Approach to the blood smear at the microscope, execution of the differential leukocyte count, identification of the main pathological changes of RBC, WBC, and platelets 8 hours
Principles of test interpretation and self-evaluation test 2 hours
Pathophysiology of blood cells, fluids and proteins (Volemia, anemia, polycythemia, Leucopaenia, leucocytosis, Thromboctytopenia, changes of plasma protein) 5 hours
Pathophysiology of the endocrine system (Hyper- and hypofunction of hypophysis, thyroid, adrenal glands, including stress, diabetes) 5 hours
Pathophysiology of metabolism (Bovine ketosis, neonatal hypoglycemia of swine, milk fever) 4 hours
Disturbances of the circulatory system (Hyperemia, Edema, Ischemia, Infarct, Thrombosis, Embolizaton, Shock) 2 hours
Pathophysiology of thermoregulation (febrile and non febrile hyperthermia) 1 hour
Jaundice. 1 hour
Organ function tests (Principles of interpretation, tests for liver functions) 1 hour
Immunopathology (Hypersensitivity reactions (Type I, II, III, IV), Autoimmune diseases, Immunodeficiencies 5 hours
Practicals
Laboratory methods (seminar in the classroom to the whole studentship) 2 hours
Preanalytical and analytical errors (seminar in the classroom to the whole studentship) 2 hours
Handling and analysis of blood (max 20 students per group in the laboratory) Cell counts, execution of blood smears, Centrifugation and biochemical analysis using automated methods 2 hours
Reading of blood smears (max 30 student per group with individual microscopes) Approach to the blood smear at the microscope, execution of the differential leukocyte count, identification of the main pathological changes of RBC, WBC, and platelets 8 hours
Principles of test interpretation and self-evaluation test 2 hours
Teaching methods
Lectures with projected slides cntaining text, diagrams or images and videos. During lectures specific aspects will be exploited through interactive discussions and at the end of any group of topics a web based self evaluation test will be run
Practicals will be run as specified at the end of the programme in teaching labs (microscopy and biological lab) within the teaching buildings
Practicals will be run as specified at the end of the programme in teaching labs (microscopy and biological lab) within the teaching buildings
Teaching Resources
Slides or CD-ROM or "on-line" version : http://ariel.ctu.unimi.it
PONTIERI - Patologia Generale -1 e 2 (2 per fisiopatologia) - Piccin. Ultima edizione
TIZARD - Veterinary Immunolgy - An Introduction, 6th ed. Saunders
For specific interests (hematology and andocrine diseases)
WEISS e WARDROP- Schalm's Veterinary Hematology - 6° ed. Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins
KANEKO - Clinical Biochemistry of domestic animals - 6° ed.
STOCKHAM & SCOTT - Fundamentals of Veterinary Clinical Pathology - 2° ed.
PALTRINIERI GIORDANO, BERTAZZOLO - Patologia Clinica del Cane e del gatto. Approccio pratico alla diagnostica di laboratorio
PONTIERI - Patologia Generale -1 e 2 (2 per fisiopatologia) - Piccin. Ultima edizione
TIZARD - Veterinary Immunolgy - An Introduction, 6th ed. Saunders
For specific interests (hematology and andocrine diseases)
WEISS e WARDROP- Schalm's Veterinary Hematology - 6° ed. Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins
KANEKO - Clinical Biochemistry of domestic animals - 6° ed.
STOCKHAM & SCOTT - Fundamentals of Veterinary Clinical Pathology - 2° ed.
PALTRINIERI GIORDANO, BERTAZZOLO - Patologia Clinica del Cane e del gatto. Approccio pratico alla diagnostica di laboratorio
Clinical biochemistry
Course syllabus
1. THEORETICAL TRAINING (24 h)
- Ways of expressing the quantity in clinical biochemistry; International System of Units and conversion of units of measure (w/v, molarity, ppm, ppb, percent). (2h)
- Methods based on radiant energy: basic principles of light transmission, absorption, refraction, diffraction, reflection and production. (1h)
- From the instrument reading to the concentration of the analyte. (1h)
- Clinical chemistry methods. (1h)
- Determination of metabolites by enzymatic methods. (1h)
- Clinical enzymology: enzymatic activity and kinetics; determination of enzymes and isoenzymes in plasma; continuous assays, discontinuous assays, factors to control in assays. (2h)
- Immunochemical techniques for antibody and antigen quantification; direct and indirect (labelled) immunological assays; competitive and sandwich assays; lateral-flow test. (2h)
- Electrophoresis: net charge of biomolecules; net charge electrophoresis; SDS-electrophoresis; isoelectric focusing; Western blot; the electropherogram and its interpretation. (2h)
- Chromatography: general principles; size-exclusion, ion-exchange, reverse phase and affinity chromatography; the chromatogram and its interpretation. (1h)
- Electrochemical techniques: potentiometric measures with ion selective electrodes; amperometric techniques. (1h)
- Atomic spectroscopy: atomic absorption and emission techniques. (1h)
- Molecular biology methods: PCR, analysis of PCR products, RFLP, sequencing. (2h)
- Source of error of laboratory's test result: pre-analytical variability, analytical variability: precision, accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, cross-reactivity, species-specificity. Quality control (4h)
- The use of clinical laboratory test in diagnostic: biological variability, reference values; pathognomonic and non-pathognomonic tests; diagnostic sensitivity and specificity; prevalence; positive and negative predictive values. (3h)
2. PRACTICAL TRAINING (16h)
- Exercises on conversion units of measure (w/v, molarity, percentage, ppm, ppb), and on preparing solution and dilution. (10h, class room)
- Application of laboratory technique to quantify biomolecules in samples. (2h, biochemistry laboratory)
- Laboratory mathematics: elaboration of raw data from quantitative assays of biomarkers and graphical representation of clinical biochemistry results (eg: sandwich and competitive ELISA). (4h, computer laboratory)
- Ways of expressing the quantity in clinical biochemistry; International System of Units and conversion of units of measure (w/v, molarity, ppm, ppb, percent). (2h)
- Methods based on radiant energy: basic principles of light transmission, absorption, refraction, diffraction, reflection and production. (1h)
- From the instrument reading to the concentration of the analyte. (1h)
- Clinical chemistry methods. (1h)
- Determination of metabolites by enzymatic methods. (1h)
- Clinical enzymology: enzymatic activity and kinetics; determination of enzymes and isoenzymes in plasma; continuous assays, discontinuous assays, factors to control in assays. (2h)
- Immunochemical techniques for antibody and antigen quantification; direct and indirect (labelled) immunological assays; competitive and sandwich assays; lateral-flow test. (2h)
- Electrophoresis: net charge of biomolecules; net charge electrophoresis; SDS-electrophoresis; isoelectric focusing; Western blot; the electropherogram and its interpretation. (2h)
- Chromatography: general principles; size-exclusion, ion-exchange, reverse phase and affinity chromatography; the chromatogram and its interpretation. (1h)
- Electrochemical techniques: potentiometric measures with ion selective electrodes; amperometric techniques. (1h)
- Atomic spectroscopy: atomic absorption and emission techniques. (1h)
- Molecular biology methods: PCR, analysis of PCR products, RFLP, sequencing. (2h)
- Source of error of laboratory's test result: pre-analytical variability, analytical variability: precision, accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, cross-reactivity, species-specificity. Quality control (4h)
- The use of clinical laboratory test in diagnostic: biological variability, reference values; pathognomonic and non-pathognomonic tests; diagnostic sensitivity and specificity; prevalence; positive and negative predictive values. (3h)
2. PRACTICAL TRAINING (16h)
- Exercises on conversion units of measure (w/v, molarity, percentage, ppm, ppb), and on preparing solution and dilution. (10h, class room)
- Application of laboratory technique to quantify biomolecules in samples. (2h, biochemistry laboratory)
- Laboratory mathematics: elaboration of raw data from quantitative assays of biomarkers and graphical representation of clinical biochemistry results (eg: sandwich and competitive ELISA). (4h, computer laboratory)
Teaching methods
The course (4 CFU) is organized in class lectures (3 CFU - 24 hours) and practical training (1 CFU - 16 hours). Lectures are dedicated to core knowledge of theory and practice of clinical biochemistry and clinical molecular biology methods used in in veterinary diagnostic laboratories. Practice in classroom (all students together), laboratory (groups of two students) and computer room (single student) are dedicated to develop skills in experimental techniques and calculations routinely used in clinical laboratories.
Teaching Resources
- Power point handouts and lecture notes on ARIEL [https://vborromeobcv.ariel.ctu.unimi.it/v5/home/Default.aspx]
- Study books
- Biochimica clinica, 2° edizione (2000), Luigi Spandrio, Edizioni Sorbona. Prima Parte (Biochimica Clinica Generale).
- For further study:
Metodologia biochimica - Keith Wilson e John Walker, 5° edizione - Eds Italiana Pilone e Pollegioni, Raffaello Cortina Editore (2006). Clinical biochemistry of domestic animals, 6° edizione (2008), Kaneko JJ, Academic press.
Clinical biochemistry of domestic animals, 6° edizione (2008), Kaneko JJ, Academic press.
- Study books
- Biochimica clinica, 2° edizione (2000), Luigi Spandrio, Edizioni Sorbona. Prima Parte (Biochimica Clinica Generale).
- For further study:
Metodologia biochimica - Keith Wilson e John Walker, 5° edizione - Eds Italiana Pilone e Pollegioni, Raffaello Cortina Editore (2006). Clinical biochemistry of domestic animals, 6° edizione (2008), Kaneko JJ, Academic press.
Clinical biochemistry of domestic animals, 6° edizione (2008), Kaneko JJ, Academic press.
Clinical biochemistry
BIO/12 - CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY - University credits: 4
Practicals: 16 hours
Lessons: 24 hours
Lessons: 24 hours
Professor:
Borromeo Vitaliano
Shifts:
Professor:
Borromeo Vitaliano
Turno 1 per un gruppo di studenti
Professor:
Borromeo VitalianoTurno 2 per un gruppo di studenti
Professor:
Borromeo VitalianoTurno unico per tutti gli studenti
Professor:
Borromeo Vitaliano
General Veterinary pathology
VET/03 - VETERINARY PATHOLOGY - University credits: 4
Lessons: 32 hours
Professor:
Paltrinieri Saverio
Pathophysiology and immunopathology
VET/03 - VETERINARY PATHOLOGY - University credits: 4
Practicals: 16 hours
Lessons: 24 hours
Lessons: 24 hours
Professor:
Paltrinieri Saverio
Shifts:
Professor:
Paltrinieri Saverio
Turno 1 per un gruppo di studenti
Professor:
Paltrinieri SaverioTurno 2 per un gruppo di studenti
Professor:
Paltrinieri SaverioTurno 3 per un gruppo di studenti
Professor:
Paltrinieri SaverioTurno 4 per un gruppo di studenti
Professor:
Paltrinieri SaverioTurno 5 per un gruppo di studenti
Professor:
Paltrinieri SaverioTurno 6 per un gruppo di studenti
Professor:
Paltrinieri SaverioTurno unico per tutti gli studenti
Professor:
Paltrinieri SaverioProfessor(s)
Reception:
Every day, by appointment
Lodi or online on Teams